ကမၻာ့ကုလသမဂၢႏွင့္ အေထြေထြအတြင္းေရးမွဴးခ်ဳပ္မ်ား

ေအာက္တိုဘာ ၂၄ ရက္ေန႔သည္ ၆၆ ႏွစ္ေျမာက္ ကမၻာ့ ကုလသမဂၢေန႔ျဖစ္သည္။
ကုလသမဂၢ ႐ံုးစိုက္ရာ အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံ၏ နယူးေယာက္ၿမိဳ႕ ကုလသမဂၢ အေထြေထြညီလာခံ
အစည္းအေဝးႀကီးသို႔ ...
 အဖြဲ႕ဝင္ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားအားလံုးမွ ထိပ္တန္း ေခါင္းေဆာင္မ်ား တဖြဲဖြဲေရာက္ရွိ
လာၾကေပၿပီ။
ကုလသမဂၢအဖြဲ႕ႀကီး ကို လူတိုင္း အၾကမ္းအားျဖင့္ သိရွိ ႏိုင္ၾကေသာ္လည္း
အဖြဲ႕ႀကီးစတင္ ေပၚေပါက္  လာကတည္းက ..
တာဝန္ ထမ္းေဆာင္ခဲ့ၾကေသာ အေထြေထြ အတြင္း   ေရးမွဴးခ်ဳပ္ မ်ား၏ ကိုယ္ေရး
အတၴဳပၸတိၱအက်ဥ္းကို သိလိုၾကေပလိမ့္ မည္။
ယခုလက္ရွိ တာဝန္ယူေနေသာ မစၥတာဘန္ကီမြန္းသည္ အ႒ မေျမာက္ အေထြေထြ
အတြင္းေရးမွဴးခ်ဳပ္ျဖစ္သည္။
မိမိတို႔အာရွ တိုက္သားမ်ားထဲမွ ဒုတိယေျမာက္ျဖစ္သည္။
အာရွတိုက္သားထဲမွ ပထမဆံုးမွာ မိမိတို႔ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသား ဦးသန္႔ျဖစ္သည္ကို
ၾကားဖူးၾကေပလိမ့္မည္။
ကမၻာေပၚတြင္ အေရးပါဆံုးႏွင့္ အထင္ရွား ဆံုးေသာ အဖြဲ႕အစည္းႀကီးကို
တာဝန္ယူလုပ္ေဆာင္ေပး ခဲ့ၾကေသာ ...
အတြင္းေရးမွဴးခ်ဳပ္ မ်ား၏ မွတ္တမ္းအက်ဥ္းမ်ားကိုေဖာ္ျပ၍ ကမၻာ့ကုလသမဂၢေန႔ကို
ဤေဆာင္းပါးျဖင့္ ဂုဏ္ျပဳအပ္ပါသည္။

ကမၻာ့ကုလသမဂၢအဖြဲ႔ႀကီးစတင္
ဒုတိယကမၻာစစ္ႀကီးၿပီး ေနာက္ႏိုင္ငံ ေပါင္းခ်ဳပ္အသင္းႀကီးကို အစားထိုး၍ ၁၉၄၅
ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ျပင္ဆင္ ဖြဲ႕စည္းခဲ့သည္။
ထိုအခ်ိန္က ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္မွာ ကမၻာစစ္ႀကီး ရပ္စဲ၍
ႏိုင္ငံမ်ားအခ်င္းခ်င္းေတြ႕ဆံုေ

ဆြးေႏြးမႈကို ...
စားပြဲဝိုင္းတြင္ ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာ ေျဖရွင္းၾကရန္ အတြက္အဓိကျဖစ္သည္။
၁၉၄၅ ခု ဧၿပီ ၂၄ ရက္ေန႔က အေမရိကန္၊ ဆန္ဖရန္စစၥကိုၿမိဳ႕တြင္ျပဳလုပ္ေသာ ..
ကုလသမဂၢ၏ ပထမဆံုး ႏိုင္ငံတကာညီလာခံတြင္ ႏိုင္ငံေပါင္း ၅ဝ သာတက္ေရာက္ခဲ့ သည္။
ယခုအခါ အဖြဲ႕ဝင္ႏိုင္ငံ ၁၉၃ ႏိုင္ငံ အထိရွိလာေနၿပီ ျဖစ္သည္။
သို႔ရာတြင္ႏိုင္ငံမ်ား၏  သေဘာ တူညီခ်က္အရ ကုလသမဂၢေန႔ကို ၁၉၄၅ ခု ေအာက္တိုဘာ ၂၄
ရက္ ေန႔တြင္ အသိအမွတ္ျပဳခဲ့ၾကသည္။

၁။ ထ႐ိုင္ေဂးလိုင္း (Trygve Halvdom Lie)
ပထမဆုံးကုလသမဂၢ၏ အေထြေထြ အတြင္းေရးမွဴးခ်ဳပ္ ျဖစ္သည္။ ေနာ္ေဝႏိုင္ငံ၊
ေအာ္စလိုၿမိဳ႕တြင္ ၁၈၉၆ ခု ဇူလိုင္လတြင္ ေမြးဖြားခဲ့ၿပီး၊
အသက္ ၇၂ ႏွစ္၊ ၁၉၆၈ ဒီဇင္ဘာ ၃ဝ ရက္တြင္ ေနာ္ေဝႏိုင္ငံ၊ ဂဲလိုၿမိဳ႕တြင္
ကြယ္လြန္ခဲ့သည္။ ကေလး ၃ ဦးႏွင့္ ဇနီးတို႔က်န္ရစ္ခဲ့သည္။
အေထြေထြ အတြင္းေရးမွဴးခ်ဳပ္ ရာထူးကို ၁၉၄၆   ေဖေဖာ္ဝါရီ ၂ ရက္တြင္
စတင္ထမ္းေဆာင္ခဲ့ၿပီး ႏိုဝင္ဘာ ၉ ရက္ ၁၉၅၂ တြင္ ႏုတ္ထြက္သြားခဲ့သည္။

၂။ ဒက္ဟမၼား႐ိႈး (Dag Hammarskjold Skjold)
ဒုတိယေျမာက္ အေထြေထြအ တြင္းေရးမွဴးခ်ဳပ္ျဖစ္သည္။ ဆြီဒင္ႏိုင္ငံ Jonkoping
ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ ၁၉ဝ၅ခု ဇူလိုင္ ၂၉ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ေမြးဖြားခဲ့သည္။
အသက္ ၅၆ ႏွစ္ ၁၉၆၁ စက္တင္ဘာ ၁၈ ရက္တြင္ ႐ိုဒီးရွားဖက္ဒေရး ႏို္င္ငံ Ndola
ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ ကြယ္လြန္ခဲ့သည္။ တာဝန္ထမ္းေဆာင္ ေနစဥ္အတြင္း ေသဆံုးခဲ့ျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။
ေသဆံုးသြားစဥ္ အေမရိကန္သမၼတ ဂြၽန္ဖက္ကေနဒီက ‘ကြၽန္ေတာ္တို႔
ရာစုတြင္အႀကီးမားဆံုးလူသား’ ဟု မွတ္ခ်က္ျပဳခဲ့သည္။

၃။ ဦးသန္႔ (U Thant)
တတိယေျမာက္ အေထြေထြ အတြင္းေရးမွဴးခ်ဳပ္ ျဖစ္သည္။
ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံ ဧရာဝတီတိုင္း၊ ပန္းတေနာ္ၿမိဳ႕ တြင္ ၁၉ဝ၉ ဇန္နဝါရီ ၂၂ ရက္ေန႔
တြင္ ေမြးဖြားခဲ့သည္။
၁၉၆၁ ခုႏွစ္ ႏိုဝင္ဘာ ၃ဝ ရက္မွ ၁၉၇၁ ခုႏွစ္ ဒီဇင္ဘာ ၃၁ ရက္ေန႔ အထိ သက္တမ္း ၂
ႀကိမ္ ဆက္တိုက္တာဝန္ ထမ္းေဆာင္ခဲ့ၿပီး ..
အသက္ ၆၅ ႏွစ္ ၁၉၇၄ ႏိုဝင္ဘာ ၂၅ ရက္   ေန႔တြင္ အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံ နယူးေယာက္ၿမိဳ႕
တြင္အဆုတ္ကင္ဆာေရာဂါျဖင့္ ကြယ္လြန္ခဲ့သည္။
ဦးသန္႔၏ ဖခင္ဦးဖုိးႏွစ္မွာ ဆန္ကုန္သည္ႀကီးတစ္ဦးျဖစ္ၿပီး
သူရိယသတင္းစာတိုက္ကိုထူေထာင္ရန္ ကူညီခဲ့သူတစ္ဦးျဖစ္သည္။
ဦးသန္႔ သည္ ေမြးခ်င္းသား ၄ ဦး အနက္ အႀကီးဆံုးသားျဖစ္သည္္။ မိခင္မွာ
ေဒၚနန္းေသာင္းျဖစ္သည္။
ဦးသန္႔ အသက္ ၁၄ ႏွစ္အရြယ္တြင္ ဖခင္ ေသဆံုးသြားခ့ဲသည္။ ရန္ကုန္တကၠသိုလ္မွ
ဘြဲ႕ရရွိခဲ့သည္။
ဦးသန္႔၏ ဇနီးမွာ ေဒၚသိန္းတင္ျဖစ္ၿပီး သား၂ ဦး သမီး ၁ ဦးထြန္းကား ခဲ့သည္။ သား ၂
ဦးလံုးပင္ ေသဆံုးသြားခဲ့ သည္။ သားႀကီး ေမာင္ဘိုမွာ
ေမြးကင္းစကပင္ေသဆံုးခဲ့ၿပီး၊ သားငယ္ တင္ေမာင္မွာ ရန္ကုန္တြင္ ဘတ္စ္ကားေပၚမွ
လိမ့္က်၍ ကြယ္လြန္ခဲ့ေၾကာင္း သိရသည္။

၅။ ပဲရစ္ေဒေကြးလ်ား (Perez de Cuellar)
ပဥၥမေျမာက္ ကုလသမဂၢအ ေထြေထြအတြင္းေရးမွဴးခ်ဳပ္ျဖစ္သည္။ ပီ႐ူးႏိုင္ငံ၊
လီမာၿမိဳ႕တြင္ ၁၉၂ဝ ခုႏွစ္ ဇန္နဝါရီ ၁၉ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ေမြးဖြား သည္။
အသက္ ၉၁ ႏွစ္ ရွိၿပီ ျဖစ္သည္။ ယခုသက္ရွိထင္ရွားရွိ ေသာ အေထြေထြအတြင္းေရးမွဴး
ခ်ဳပ္ေဟာင္း ၃ ဦးထဲမွ အသက္ အႀကီးဆံုးျဖစ္သည္။

၆။ ဘူးထ႐ို႕စ္ဘုူးထ႐ို႕စ္ဂါလီ (Boutros Boutros Ghali)
ဆ႒မေျမာက္ အေထြေထြ အတြင္းေရးမွဴးခ်ဳပ္ျဖစ္ၿပီး အီဂ်စ္ ႏို္္င္ငံသား
တစ္ဦးျဖစ္သည္။
၁၉၂၂ ခု ႏုိဝင္ဘာ ၁၄ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ေမြး ဖြားၿပီး ယခုအသက္ရွိထင္ရွား
ဒုတိယအသက္အႀကီးဆံုးအေထြေထြ အတြင္းေရးခ်ဳပ္ေဟာင္း တစ္ဦးျဖစ္သည္။
အသက္ ၈၈ ႏွစ္ရွိၿပီျဖစ္သည္။ ရာထူးသက္တမ္း ၁၉၉၂ ဇန္နဝါရီ ၁ ရက္မွ ၁၉၉၆ ခု
ဒီဇင္ဘာ ၃၁ ရက္ေန႔အထိ တာဝန္ထမ္းေဆာင္ခဲ့ သည္။
အာဖရိကတိုက္၏ ပထမဆံုး အေထြေထြ အတြင္းေရးမွဴးခ်ဳပ္တစ္ဦး ျဖစ္သည္။

၇။ ကိုဖီအာနန္ (Kofi Annan)
သတၱမေျမာက္ျဖစ္သည္။ ဂါနာႏိုင္ငံသား တစ္ဦးျဖစ္ၿပီးGold Coast ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ ၁၉၃၈
ဧၿပီလ ၈ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ေမြးဖြားခဲ့ကာ ..
ယခု အသက္ ၇၃ ႏွစ္ရွိၿပီျဖစ္ၿပီး သက္ရွိ ထင္ရွားရွိဆဲျဖစ္သည္။
ကိုဖီအာနန္ သည္ ၁၉၉၇ ခုႏွစ္ ဇန္နဝါရီ ၁ ရက္ေန႔မွ ၃၁ ဒီဇင္ဘာ ၂ဝဝ၆ ေန႔ထိ
တာဝန္ထမ္းေဆာင္ခဲ့သည္။
၂ဝဝ၁ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းေရး   ႏိုဘယ္လ္ဆုကို ပူးတြဲရရွိခဲ့သည္။

၈။ ဘန္ကီမြန္း (Ban Ki-moon)
ယခုလက္ရွိ အ႒မေျမာက္ ကမၻာ့ကုလသမဂၢ အေထြေထြ အတြင္းေရးမွဴးခ်ဳပ္ျဖစ္သည္။
ေတာင္ကိုရီးယား ႏိုင္ငံသား တစ္ဦးျဖစ္ၿပီး ဒုတိယေျမာက္အာရွတိုက္သား
အေထြေထြအတြင္းေရးမွဴးခ်ဳပ္ျဖစ္ သည္။
၁၉၄၄ ခု ဇြန္လ ၁၃ ရက္ တြင္ ေမြးဖြားခဲ့ၿပီး အသက္ ၆၇ ႏွစ္ ရွိၿပီျဖစ္သည္။
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စုိးမင္းဦး

Secretaries-General

No.	Portrait	Secretary-General	Dates in office	Country of origin	UN Regional Group	Reason of withdrawal	Ref.
–		Gladwyn Jebb	24 October 1945 – 1 February 1946	United Kingdom	Western European & Others	Served as Acting Secretary-General until Lie's election	[7]
		After World War II, he served as Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations in August 1945, being appointed Acting United Nations Secretary-General from October 1945 to February 1946 until the appointment of the first Secretary-General Trygve Lie.
1		Trygve Lie	2 February 1946 – 10 November 1952	Norway	Western European & Others	Resigned	[8]
		Lie, a foreign minister and former labour leader, was recommended by the Soviet Union to fill the post. After the UN involvement in the Korean War, the Soviet Union vetoed Lie's reappointment in 1951. The United States circumvented the Soviet Union's veto and recommended reappointment directly to the General Assembly. Lie was reappointed by a vote of 46 to 5, with eight abstentions. The Soviet Union remained hostile to Lie, and he resigned in 1952.[9]
2		Dag Hammarskjöld	10 April 1953 – 18 September 1961	Sweden	Western European & Others	Died in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), while on a peacekeeping mission to the Congo	[10]
		After a series of candidates were vetoed, Hammarskjöld emerged as an option that was acceptable to the Security Council. Hammarskjöld was re-elected unanimously to a second term in 1957. The Soviet Union was angered by Hammarskjöld's leadership of the UN during the Congo Crisis, and suggested that the position of Secretary-General be replaced by a troika, or three-man executive. Facing great opposition from the Western nations, the Soviet Union gave up on its suggestion. Hammarskjöld was killed in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) in 1961.[9] U.S. President John F. Kennedy called Hammarskjöld "the greatest statesman of our century".[11]
3		U Thant	30 November 1961 – 31 December 1971	Burma	Asian	Declined to consider a third term.	[12]
		In the process of replacing Hammarskjöld, the developing world insisted on a non-European and non-American. U Thant was nominated. However, due to opposition from the French (Thant had chaired a committee on Algerian independence) and the Arabs (Burma supported Israel), Thant was only appointed for the remainder of Hammarskjöld's term. Thant was the first Asian Secretary-General. The following year, Thant was unanimously re-elected to a full five-year term. He was similarly re-elected in 1966. Thant did not seek a third term.[9]
4		Kurt Waldheim	1 January 1972 – 31 December 1981	Austria	Western European & Others	China vetoed his third term.	[13]
		Waldheim launched a discreet but effective campaign to become the Secretary-General. Despite initial vetoes from China and the United Kingdom, in the third round, Waldheim was selected to become the new Secretary-General. In 1976, China initially blocked Waldheim's re-election, but it relented on the second ballot. In 1981, Waldheim's re-election for a third term was blocked by China, which vetoed his selection through 15 rounds. In the mid-1980s, it was revealed that a post-World War II UN War Crimes Commission had labeled Waldheim as a suspected war criminal – based on his involvement with the Wehrmacht Heer army of Nazi Germany. The files had been stored in the UN archive.[9]
5		Javier Pérez de Cuéllar	1 January 1982 – 31 December 1991	Peru	Latin American & Caribbean	Refused to be considered for a third term.	[14]
		Pérez de Cuéllar was selected after a five-week deadlock between the re-election of Waldheim and China's candidate, Salim Ahmed Salim of Tanzania. Pérez de Cuéllar, a Peruvian diplomat, was a compromise candidate, and the first Secretary-General from the Americas. He was re-elected unanimously in 1986.[9]
6		Boutros Boutros-Ghali	1 January 1992 – 31 December 1996	Egypt	African	The United States vetoed his second term.	[15]
		The 102-member Non-Aligned Movement insisted that the next Secretary-General come from Africa. With a majority in the General Assembly and the support of China, the Non-Aligned Movement had the votes necessary to block any unfavourable candidate. The Security Council conducted five anonymous straw polls—a first for the council—and Boutros-Ghali emerged with 11 votes on the fifth round. In 1996, the United States vetoed the re-appointment of Boutros-Ghali, claiming he had failed in implementing necessary reforms to the UN.[9]
7		Kofi Annan	1 January 1997 – 31 December 2006	Ghana	African	Retired after two full terms	[16]
		On 13 December 1996, the United Nations Security Council recommended Annan.[17][18] He was confirmed four days later by the vote of the General Assembly,[19] He started his second term as Secretary-General on 1 January 2002.
8		Ban Ki-moon	1 January 2007– present	South Korea	Asia-Pacific	Incumbent	[20]
		Ban became the second Asian to be selected as the Secretary-General. He was unanimously elected to a second term by the General Assembly on 21 June 2011. His second term began on 1 January 2012.[21] Prior to his selection, he was the Foreign Minister of the Republic of Korea from January 2004 to November 2006.

Lai bu khatbup ka sim

By : Deih Tung

 

 

Sun ni samah mah nuai ah sangkah ding in ka pai a, Khualum lua mah mah a hih man in ka taltung pan in khua ul tui a tak dau dau hi. Sang inn ka tun tak teh ka lawm te khat tawh sang khaan sung ah ka lut uh hi. Sangkhaan sung ah na vot dik dek a hih man in minute 15 sung khawng teh ka khua ul khem peuh hong kam in ka om dan hong nuam mahmahkik hi. Ka lawm te tawh laisim na khan,Laibu saal(library) ah pai ni ka ci uh a ka va pai pong uh hi. Cik mah hun in laisim na khan sung ah paingei lo ka hih man in koi sim zaw ding cih thei lo in ka om bianbuang hi. Midang te muh na ah bang mah a thei lo lawm lawm a ka mawk om ding lah sang nau pang khat hi buang cih na tawh ka mai a zum hi. Lawm te tawh tut na ah ka tu uh a, Newspaper,Journal tuam tuam ka sim ding un sabuai tung ah om zih ziah hi. Mi a tam zaw in Journal sim uh a, laibu tuam tuam zong a sim om hi. Ken zong bang sim mawk ding ka hiam ci in ka lung ngaih ngaih kawm in ka mai a om khat la in ka sim hi.  Nai lang khawng ka sim khit ciang in ka lawm te tawh pai khia ta ni ki ci in ka tut na pan ka ding khia hi. Counter a tu nasem nu in laibu na kawm nuam uh hiam? Na kawm nop uh leh hih tak ah member card bawl un la kawm un ci a hih manin ka lawm te tawh member card bawl ka bawl uh hi. Card ka bawl khit uh ciang in lai bu kawm ding bang sim ding ka hiam ci in laibu ka zong zong hi. Laibu thu lu leh a nambat tawh ka zon zon leh lai bu tam lua mah mah a hih  man in ka sim zawk sak ding, ka kawm ding ka thei kei hi. Counter a tu nasem nu kiang ah bang kawm leng nong deih sak hiam ci in ka dot leh nang ut ut hi, a hi zong in bang mah a sim nai lo na hih leh miminthang te tangthu sim ma sa in hong ci a, hong hilh hi. Mimin thang te tang thu sim ding cih sam hang in kua minthang a, kua thu sim ding cih zong ka thei kei leu leuhi. Ka zon zon leh Up From Slavery a cih Booker.T.Washington lai bu ka mu a, tua kawm ding in ka la hi.

Ka sangkah cil pen pen ka tanlang lai in  bel  a hih leh abc, 123,…cih dan te zolai sim bute sang ah ka sim ngei zel hi. A hi zong in lai bu khat a bup in ka sim ka thei ngei kei hi. Tua  a hih manin tu tung a ka lai bu kawm pen a pat na pan a tawp dong sim pong pong dingin ka ngaih sun hi. Laibu saal pan in sangkhaan sung ah lut in sanglai ka sin uh a, sang tuah ciang in inn ka tun tak tua lai bu ka kawm pen ka sim hi. Ka sim leh ka lung sim hong sukha pian in hoih sa mah mah ka hih man in ka khawl thei nawn kei hi.

Booker.T.Washington a neu lai

Negro te in suah tak na a ngah ma un sila te hun sung in a piang a hihi. A pa kua hiam ki thei lo a, a nu tawh a mau unau thumpha uh hi. Sila te om na inn neu neu te ah khang khia uh a, silh leh teen, nek leh dawn mi te bang in om zo lo uh hi.A suah cil pan in sila in suak khia a, sila mah in  nung ta hi.Sila te sung ah thu bang ki za mun pen hiam cih leh tua To te in tua sila te bawlsia gawp a hih na thu bek bek ki za hi.A nu in anhuan meh huan tavuan a nei a hih man in an bel ngawl ngei sam lo in midang te sang in an nek tui dawn lam sang ah pha dawm zaw uh hi.Sila in kum 7 a phak tak teh negro te in suah tak na hong ngah uh a, a suak ta minam honghi khia uh hi.  Suakta cih thu pen a mau a ding in a ngaih sut zawh loh uh thu khat a hih man in  suahtak khit teh koi ah om ding, bang sem ding, koi ci nun tak ding cih pen ngaih sut na in nei ngam ngei lo uh a hih man in  a ngaih sut na uh zong niam mah mah hi. Suahtak na a ngah ma un Negro khem peuh in lai sin thei lo uh a, laisim thei khat zong om lo uh hi. Tu in a hih leh laisim theih na ding in koi cih ding, koi a paileng koi ci ding cih teng tawh a om na sila huang pan in a mau ut na tek ah pai khiamang uh a, a Tote  bang uh lung leng mah mah in pawl khat a ki it a ngai te bang a ki kap kap bang tam pi om uh hi.

Booker te inn kuan zong a om na pan un mun khat khit mun khat ah hong ki tuah koi koi uh a, nuntak hak sa pi pi in hong khang khia to to uh hi. Tawlkhat sung a om na vuah a u tawh suangmei hol tawh na ah sum hong tha lawh uh a, nau pang lai a hih hang in gim pi in na sem hi. A omna khua ah sang hong ki hong a, a mah pen sun in nasem a hih manin sang kah nuam mah mah ta se leh sang kah thei lo in nitak sangbek kah thei hi. Sang a kahna ah sang sia te in a min dong uh a, a ma min pen a mah leh a mah ki thei lo a hih manin gen pak ding thei lo hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh sila te in min nei lo uh hi. Booker zong a sangsia te in na min bang hiam ci in a dot teh Booker in zong  a gen pak ding thei lo a,kei ka min pen Book.T.Washington hi ing ci in dawng a hih man in a lawm te pawl khat in zah pih mah mah uhhi. Bang hang hiam cih leh Washington cih min men American kum pi masa pen min  a hih man  ahihi. Tua hun lai tak in Hih pa pen ni khat ni teh mipil minthang dinghi ci inkua mah in thei het het lo hi.

Sangkah na ah a lawm te in lukhu khat tek nei uh a, Booker zong a nukiang ah sang ah ka lawm te in lukhu khattek khu uh a, kei zong lukhu khat hong lei sak in ci in a nu kiang ah a nget leh a nu in ei sum nei lo lei zo lo ding a hi zong in na lu khu ding khat kong khui sak ding ci in a ih mut kal in a nu in ippi sia khat at tan in lukhu dingin an khuisak a , Booker zong lukhu nei a hih manin a lawm te lak ah mai zum nawn  hi.

University a kah na

Suangmeihol tawhna ah sum tha lawh lawh uh a, nitak ciang in sang kah kawm lai a hihman in nak pi in gim mah mah hi. Nikhat a lawm te ki ho sim zasim kiau a, a gei ah va naih in a va dot leh Mivom te a ding in sang lian pi khat ki hong ding cih thu a hihi. Booker in hih sang ki hong ding thu a zak ciang in om thei nawn lo a, tua sang ah sang kah in pai ding bek bek a lung simah hong om hi. A nu kiang ah nu aw sang va kah ning ci in a gen tak teh a nu in sum lah nei lo hang a, bang ci kah mawk ding na hia ci in heh nem hi. Bang bang hi leh tua sang kakahloh pha mawh hi ci a hih man in a it mah mah a sanggam te leh a nu nusia in a silh laitak puan khat, a teen lai tak pheituam khat, bang mah nei lo sa in a ma om na pan a ki gam lat mah mah na tai 500 val na ah a khe tawh hong pai hi. Lam pi ah meileng pai te ah bawm sim in gilkial dang tak sa in ninlak teng ah lum in tua bang teng tawh a lung gulh mahmahna sang inn pi hong tung hi. Tua sangpi ah sangsia pi nu in a muh teh lamdang sa lua mah mah a, hih zah a bang mah nei lo pi sang hongkah sawm pen mi mawk mawk hi kei in teh ci in lam dang sa mah mah hi. Tua sang ah sang kah khuan ngah na ding in thu dot te a ki dong ding hi a, a hi zong in Booker pen thu ki dong lo in sangsia pi nu in ka zum khaan sung va puah siang in ci in sawl hi. Booker zong sangsiapi nu cih bang mah in hoih tak in va puah a hih man in sangsiapi nu  in tua sang ah sangkah khuan pia hi. Hih sang ah sangkah khuan a ngah pen a ma a ding in Harvard University a sang kah khuan a ngah dan in nuam mah mah hi. Sang kah sungin sanginn siang tho na ding in na sem kawm a, lai sin to to thei hi.

A nasep na

Sang a man khit tak teh a sang sia te in Booker pen pil lah pil in mai lam a dingin Negro te a ding in na hoih hong sem zo ding hi ci in lam en uhhi. Tua  ahih man in a sang vuah sangsia a sem ding in deih uh a, sangsia sem sak uh hi. Booker in sang sia a sep a ki pat pen sanglai bek hi lo lokhawhdan,innlam dan,…thatang tawh na sep tuam tuam te zong sin sak a, nak pi tak in mivom te pan tah hi. Tua hunlai in a mau sang pan sang a man a hih nakleh lokhawhdan, inn lam dan, cidam na lam, …a tuam tuam a vek in athei sa uh hi pah hi. Tu huna danin subject tuam tuam ih ki khen dan hi lo uh a hih manin a mau hun lai a te in nakhem peuh a sin khawm uh hi hi. A sang inn ding uh lam thak in, mun tuam tuam ah Negro te a ding in sanginn hong beh lap lap a, tu  hun in  Negro te leitung a ki zel uh hi ta hi. Hih dan a ih mit muh theih in negro te sila pan in leitung ah mangkang te tawh a kiza kim in hong om ta uh hi. Leitung hong uk kik ta uh ki ci thei hi. Booker in hih zah in a minam a ding in pil na ah pan tah in na asep lam midang tam pi tak in atheih teh mun tuam tuam pan ah tawi na tam pi ki pia hi. Mun khat ah thu gen ding in ki sam a, a thu gen na ah “tu ma kum tam pi lai in hih pam a kuahawm ah ka giak ngei ci in a giah na mun gal kawk phei hi, bang hang hiam cih leh tua zan pen hih khua ah zinding in kei hong ki deih lo in hong ki sang lo hi” ci in gen ngei hi. Mivom te a ding in a deih sak na te piteek, put eek te in a theih uh ciang in thu pi sa lua uh a hih man in mun tuam tuam pan hong pai uh a, pah tawi na pia tek uh hi. Mun gam la pi tak pan in puteek mah mah khat hong pai a, Booker kiang ah thu gen hi. “Booker aw hi bang in ihminam sung ah laisimthei, mi tawh ki bang zo ding in cik mah in ka lam et zawh loh pen tu in ka mit in mu in ka mi pih te in lai sim thei, mi tawh ki gual kim thei cih ka theih teh lung dam lua in ka om na pan nithum khe tawh hong pai in aaktui kong puak hi. Kong pai lam in aaktui tangthum kong puak hi a, lam kal ah tangnih ki tam sak ing, tu in hiah khat bek hong tun zo ing, bang mah nei lo ka hih man in ka neih sun sun aktui tangkhat bek hong puak zo ing” ci in nuam na khi tui luang kawmin  Booker kiang ah gen hi.

Thukhup na

Booker tangthu ka sim khak pen kei a ding in ka lung sim hong sukha in in hoih ka samah mah hi.Nidang in lai tam pi ka sim loh bang ka hun pam maih ka sa mah mah hi. Hih lai bu ka sim a  ki pan kei in bang hi a, bang din mun tung thei ding ka hiam ci in ka ki thei a, tha ka la thei hi. Midang te sila in suak khia in lai khat zong sin thei lo, sum zong zong  thei lo  hi ta se mah leh tu hun teh a mau ei sang in pil zaw uh a, hau zaw ta uh hi, Hih pen bang hang hi mawk a hiam? Han ciam huai thu tam pi om in ka umhi. Hun tam pi tak sung ih kal suan nasa ah midang te a  ding deih sak na lian pi tawh na ih sep in bang hiam? Booker in a thu gen na ah “Leitung ah minuam sa pen pen ih cih te pen midang te a ding in thu tam ngaih sut pen in, na tam a sep sak pen pen te a hihi” na ci hi.

Mikang Gamkek Galkapte Tawh Kidona

 

Zogam ah Zomite, kuama ukna nuai-ah om ngeilo in, Ei leh Ei iki-uk laitak in, Bitish Empire te'n 1824 Kum, Kawlgam tawlam teng la uh-a, 1852 Kum teh Kawlgam laizang, 1885 Kum ciangin Kawlgambup lakhin vek uhi. 1886 Kum Febuary Kha in, Kawlgambup saklam leh khanglam kigawmta cihthu tangko khia uhi. Ahizongin, Kawlgam Mualtung teng la nailo uhi. British Empire te'n Kawl Kumpi Tibaw amat khit uh ciangin, Kumpipa' tapa Shwegyuphyo leh Kawl galkap ulian honkhat, Kaleymyo/Kalaymyo dong tungto uh-a, Mualtungmite tawh kipawlkhawm-a British te lehdo dingin, vaihawm uhi.

British te'n atunga thu atheih uteh thukan dingin Galkap pawlkhat paisak in, Shihawng Khua ah kibusak uh-a, Zogam sim dingin, Lampi nih tawnin ongkuan khia uhi. Amasa lampi pen Kabaw kuamteng simdinga ongpai Batalian te' totna hi-in, anihna pen Pakokku pa'n Zaw gam leh Pungtaung/Punya lam kantan-a hongpai Batalian te' totna lampi ahihi. Amasa galsim nadinga kuanna lampi pen Zogam ladingin, Kalaymyo Khua gei, Pinda gunpang ah busak uh-a, 1887 Kum December kha in, Sit Mission ah makaipi, Capt Raikes in Sihzang hausate kiangah laikhak leh piakkhong vante puasak a, "Kawlgam leh India gam kikal paina ding'n lampi sialnuam kahihman-un, nawngkaina bangmah nongbawl lohna ding'n" ci-in ngen hi. Ahizongin, Sihzang hausate'n lam sialtheihna ding phalna pialo uhi.

Dec 30, 1888 Kum tak ciangin, British te'n Kalaymyo pa'n Kanpale Khua dong lampi sialkhin uh ahihman-un,  Sihzang hausapi Pu Khup Pau makai-in, British Empire te do uh-a, British te Kalaymyo dong nungkik uhi. Tua kidona ah Sihzangte mi 4 si hi. British te'n Zuangsi cihna munah kipankik in, lambawl hong zom leuleu uh-a, Phatzang (No. 3 Stokade) hongtung uhi. Tua ciangin, Shihzang, Sukte, Kam Hau kipawlkhawm in, Zogam simnuam British Empire te dohuan dingin thukimna ongbawl uh-a, Khuasak Hausapa Pu Khup Pau, Kam Hau pa'n Ukpipa Pu Khua Cin leh Sukte gam Ukpipa Do Thawng te'n athukhen tatna bangun, Pu Khaw Cin leh Pu Do Thawng in, amau ukna gampa'n agalkapte ciat Khuasak Khua ah paisak uhi.

 

Jan 25, 1989 Kum ciangin, Kam Hau galkap 400, Sukte galkap 300 leh Sihzang galkap 530 te, Khuasak Khua ah kituah khawmin, mapangkhawm-a British Empire te dokhop dingin, Thuciamna Saban bawlin, Sial khat go uhi. Kam Hau' lampa'n galkap, Pu Vai Kham leh Pu Vum Kam in makaih in, Sukte lampa'n Mualbeem Khuami, Pu Hau Khaw Zam in makaih-a,  Sihzang lampa'n Pu Khup Pau leh Pu Khai Kam in makaih uhi. Jan 27 ni-in, Gamkek Mikangte do dingin, gam-it Zomite ong kipan uhi. Mikangte' phualpi Phatzang Khua gei, Leisan mual ah gal nanna dingin, kulh bawl uhi. British lampa'n  Field Marshal George White in,  Lt. Colonel Skine makai sak-a, Gurkha Tat (42) te leh gam it galkapte hun saupivei sung kikap uhi. Hih kikapna ah Sukte galkap Pu Kim Lian si-a, Pu Kai Tun leh Pu Pau Deng te, liam uh-a, Kam Hau lampa'n Pu Khup Thang leh Pu Thuam Son te, liam uhi. Gamkekte' lampa'n Phiphaw liam hi. Aliamte pua in, Mualbem Khua zuanin, galkap pawlkhat pai uh-a, Gamkek galkapte'n tuamun phul-in, kap uh ahihman-in, Leisan panmun kikhah suah ta hi. Gam-it galkapte'n Leisan panmun nusia uh-a,  nungkik in, Han Thang Lu kicihna munah galdalna dingin, leidum to-in, singhual bawl uh-a, galte pang uhi.

 

Jan 31, 1889 ni, zingsang khuavak milmial hunin, amadawk khol Panjabi galkapte, singhual kamna mun ongtung uh-a, nasiatak in kikap leuleu uhi. Panjabi galkapte'n phuzolo in nungkik uhi. Gurkha galkapte tawh kipawl in Thaupi zanguh ahihman-in, nang zolo in, gam-it galkapte nungkin uhi. Hih kikapna ah Gamkek galkapte aliam abai tampi om-a, Gam it galkapte lakpa'n Pu Thual Khual liam hi. Gamkek galkapte pen Aicik kulh (4) lina ah kibusa uhi. Gam it galkapte'n Han Thang Lu pa'n napang khol in, nai tingteng in kikap leuleu uh-a, nang zolo in nunkin leuleu uhi. Feb

4, 1889 ni-in, Gamkekte'n Sihzang gam lasiang uhi. Hih hunin, British Tat-mu makaihna bek hilo in,  Galkapmang lian Field Marshal Ceorge White mahmah makai in, gal omzia encik General Faunce leh Tat-mu Major Raikes te hong kihel uhi. Gamkek galkapte'n limkap lua uh ahihman-in, Khuasak Khua meikang in kisia gawp hi.

 

Gamkek galkapte, Khuasak Khua ah kibusa in aom sungun, Sukte, Kam Hau leh Sihzang gamit galkap kigawm 2,000 Buanman Khua ah kituah in, Gamkek galkapte do dingin kiging uhi. Kam Hau gam Ukpi Pu Khua Cin zongh ama mite amakaih dingin Luai tawh kipua in, Buanman Khua ah Galvai va vaihawm hi. Feb 13, 1889 ni-in, Buanman Khua ah Gam-it galkapte kituah khawmin aom pempam laitak un, Gamkek galkapte'n Khuasak Khua pa'n Thaupi tawh galkap uhi. A Thautang puakkham in, Khua gei gampate kang-a, tatsatlo nawhsa takin kap uh ahihman-in, Gam-it galkapte nungkin ciat uhi. Gamkek galkapte'n Buanman Khua leh Thuklai Khua akapni mah-un, Thuklai Khuakhung ah galvil phualpi phut in kibusa pah uhi.

 

Gamkekte'n Sukte' gam leh Kam Hau' gam asimna:

 

British Empire te'n Kawlgam zanglei panin, hongsim toto uh-a, Zanglei tawh kinai Sihzang te'n anazawh loh ciangin, " Ei' gam zongh hongsim dinghi " cih lung hihmawhna tawh 1889 Febuary Kha kipat pawlin, ama uksung mite leh galhangte khawmin, Gamkek Mikangte doding' thu kikupna bawl uhi. Gammi te asia apha ah lungsim kihual takin om uh-a, Gamkek Mikangte dodingin, Thukimna Sabanna nei uhi. Hih Thuciam Sabanna ah vaihawm khawm Makaite anuai ah en dihni.

 

1. Pu Khua Cin ( Kam Hau' gam Ukpipa ) - Sial Khat & Bawng Khat

2. Pu Tuang Khaw Thang ( Galvai Vaihawmpi ) - Vok Tukkli Khat

3. Pu Thang Khaw Pau ( Ngennung Hausapa ) - Sial Khat

4. Pu Khan Lian ( Galvai Vaihawm ) - Vok Tukkli Khat

5. Pu Khua Cin Khup ( Galvai Vaihawm ) - Vok Tukkli Khat

6. Pu Pau Khaw Thang ( Galvai Vaihawm ) - Vok Tukkli Khat

7. Pu Vai Kham ( Vaihawm )

8. Pu Gin Za Thang ( Vaihawm )

9. Pu Za Tual ( Vaihawm )

10. Pu Vum Kam ( Vaihawm )

11. Pu Eng Tuang ( Vaihawm )

12. Pu Thang Thual ( Vaihawm )

13. Pu Hau Suan ( Vaihawm )

14. Pu Khai Pau ( Vaihawm )

15. Pu Thuam Thawng ( Vaihawm )

 

Kam Hau' gam Ukpipa Pu Khua Cin in, Mikang gamkekte dona dingin,  ama gamsunga om mite galkap dongin, kaikhawm hi. Ama Khuapi kimkot ah gal nanna dingin, kanh topha sak hi. Britist Empire te'n Sihzang kualteng alak khit uh ciangin, Kam Hau' gam ladingin ong kalsuan uhi. General Faunce in Kam Hau' gam Ukpipa Pu Khua Cin' kiangah ama gamsunga aom Thau khempeuh leh lutna sum angen dingin, Palai khat sawlin paisak hi. Pu Khua Cin in, hih angette apiakloh thamloh na thusim saklo hi.

 

Kam Hau' gam Ukpipa nialna kammalte, General Faunce leh Major Raikes te'n azak uh ciangin, Tedim Khuapi ladingin Thuklai Khuakhung ( Panmun sakna phualpi) pa'n galkap tampi tawh dingkhia in, Vangteh Khua tunguh-a, Vangteh te'n nakpitak in ado uh hang'n nangzo tuanlo a, Gamkekte'n Inn 220 haltum sak uhi. March 10 ni-in, Saizang Khua sim uh-a, Saizang Khua tenzongh nakpitak ado uh hangin, lel uh-a, a innte uh hal sak uhi.

 

Kam Hau gam  - Tedim Khuapi Alakkna Thu

 

Gamkek Mikang galkapte'n Saizang Khua asuksiat khit uh ciangin, Tedim Khuapi simdingin, March 12 ni-in, hong dingkhia uhi. Gam Ukpi Pu Khua Cin in, ama galkap pawlkhat Lawibual ah napangsak khol a, Khuakim' kanhte ah galkapte pangkhol sak hi. Gamkek galkapte'n Lawibual hongphu uh-a, nakpitak in hong kikap uhi. Gam-it galkapte'n galhiam hoih neilo uh ahihman-in, nungkik uhi. Khuakim' kanhpa'n apang galkapte'n zongh hangsan takin nado uh himah leh Gamkek galkapte pawlcingin vanzat khaupai theilua ahihman-in, nangzolo uhi. Gamkek galkapte, Khuapi sungah lutin inn citeng meitawh haltum vek uhi. Khuamite pen khethawlna peuh ah taikek manguh-a, pawlkhatte Tozang lam zuanin tai uhi. Hih Gamkekte tawh kidona ah Gamkek galkap 50 si-in, 12 liam uh-a, Gam-it galkap 25 si-in, 50 liam hi.

 

Sukte leh Gamkekte' Kidona

 

Mikang Gamkekte Kalaymyo pa'n hongkah toto uh-a, Leisan Han Thang Lu, Thingtanh leh Thaang kulhte pan nakpitak kidona ah Gamkekte zat van leh thaute khauhpai theilua ahihman-in, nang zolo in, Sihzang kual' Khua teng, Khuakhat khit Khuakhat ongla toto uhi. Thuklai Khuakhung phualpi pan kipanpha in, Sukte' gam saklam leh Kam Hau gam simdingin, hongkuan uh-a, Vangteh leh Saizang Khuate alak khit uh ciangin, Kam Hau gam Tedim Khuapi la uhi. Lungtangpha Sihzang galkap kimkhat in gamsung belin nakpitak kipankik uh-a, Gamkekte'n tuate leizon in, buben kawikawi uhi. Hibang tengtawh 1889 Kum khalhun hongbei in, Tukhun hongtung a, Gamkekte tawmvei sung tawlnga uhi. 1890 Kum tak ciangin, galsim zomkik uhi.

 

Galsim-a kuanna ding'n lampi nihna ah Lt. Colonel Skene in Tashon leh Falam gam simna dingin Zawlnu ah galvilna phualpi hongphut in, kibusa uhi. Hih Zalnu phualpi panin Mikangte leh Sukte in, kilemna bawl uh-a, Ku-ukna vaihawm uliante tawh kimuh dingthu Pu Do Thawng (Sukte Gam Ukpipa) zasak uhi. Sukte' gamsunga Thau teng leh lutna sum apiakna dingin Pu Do Thawng zasak uhi. Pu Do Thawng painuamlo ahihman-in, Mar 1, 1890 ni-in, Mualbem Khua simdingin Lt. Colonel Skene leh galkap tampi hongkuan uhi. Mualbek te'n kanh to-in, kulh bawl uh-a, kiging phitphet in om uhi. Ahih hangin, lamkal ah Pu Lim Tuang (Dakdung Hausapa) in, Mualbemte' kiginkholhzia Mikangte' tungah nakosim ahihman-in, upmawh banglo in galte hong kuanzia kilamdang hi. Thaupi tawh agamla pan kitatsatlo in kap ahihman-in, Inn 200 sungpan 37 bek kanglo in, adangte kangtum hi. Hih kikapna ah gamkekte nih nasia takin liam hi. Hih kidona ah Sukte' gampa'n galsiamte anuai-a teng ahihi.

 

1. Pu Hau Khaw Zam ( Makaipi, Sukte )

2. Pu Khan Teu ( Makaihuh, Khupmu )

3. Pu Lam Pau ( Upa, Khupmu )

4. Pu Kim Pau ( Upa, Sukte )

5. Pu Thuam Khaw Thang ( Upa, Sukte )

6. Pu Kim Tun ( Upa, Suksak )

7. Pu Tuang Suan ( Upa, Lamkai )

8. Pu Pau Khai ( Upa, Sukte )

9. Pu Khai Hau ( Upa, Sukte )

10. Pu Sum Pau ( Upa, Sukte )

11. Pu Tuang Khan ( Upa, Zahlangh )

12. Pu Nang Khual ( Upa, Vomlong )

13. Pu Pau Thawng ( Upa, Sukte )

14. Pu Pau Hau ( Upa, Sukte )

15. Pu Tuang Son ( Upa, Sukte )

16. Pu Tuang Lian ( Upa,  ?  )

17. Phut Tun ( Upa, Samte )

18. Pu Mum Vum ( Upa, Khupmu )

19. Pu Khai Kham ( Upa, Lamkai )

20. Pu Kai Tun ( Upa, Vomlong )

21. Pu Hin Thang ( Upa, Sukte )

22. Pu Tuang Ngin ( Upa, Naulak )

23. Pu Kuk Khual ( Upa, Suksak )

24. Pu Suan Khual ( Upa, Suksak )

25. Pu Soh Hang ( Upa, Suksak )

26. Pu Do Hang ( Upa,  ?   )

27. Pu Kam Lian ( Upa, ?   )

28. Pu Pau Deng ( Upa,  ?   )

29. Pu Thuam Suan ( Upa, ?   )

 

Note: Hih Tangthu pen Mualbem Khua Tangthu Bu sungpa'n, Pu Sian Khan Pau gelhna siksan in, Tangthu kan pawlkhat dotkak-a konggelhkhiat ahihi. Mangngilh lohna in mainawt zawhna hi. ( Understanding thu past, acting in the present, building in the future: Demont Tutu )