Wednesday, September 14, 2011

ရင္သားကင္ဆာ ရွိမရွိ ႀကိဳတင္စစ္ေဆးျခင္း

အခုရက္ပိုင္း အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံ က်န္းမာေရး သတင္းေတြမွာ ေရပန္းစားေနတာကေတာ့ အမ်ိဳးသမီးမ်ား ရင္သားကင္ဆာ ရွိမရွိ ႀကိဳတင္စစ္ေဆးျခင္းကို ဘယ္အသက္အရြယ္မွာ
စၿပီး လုပ္သင့္တယ္၊ ဘယ္ေလာက္တစ္ခါ လုပ္သင့္တယ္ ဆိုတဲ့ ကိစၥပဲျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
ဒီသတင္းနဲ႔ ဆက္ဆိုင္တဲ့ သုေတသန စာတမ္းေတြ၊ ေထာက္ခံအႀကံျပဳခ်က္ေတြကို
ျပန္လည္ တင္ျပၿပီး ဒီအခ်က္အလက္ေတြဟာ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံက အမ်ိဳးသမီးေတြနဲ႔
ဘယ္လို ဆက္စပ္ႏိုင္လည္း ဆိုတာကိုပါ ဆက္လက္ ေဆြးေႏြးတင္ျပသြားပါမယ္။
ေဆြးေႏြးခ်က္က နည္းနည္းရွည္ေတာ့ အႏွစ္ခ်ဳပ္ကို အရင္ေဖာ္ျပၿပီး အေသးစိတ္
အခ်က္အလက္ေတြကို ေနာက္ပိုင္းမွာ ေဖာ္ျပထားပါတယ္။

အႏွစ္ခ်ဳပ္
အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံ က်န္းမာေရး၀န္ႀကီးဌာန (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services) ရဲ႕
ဌာနခြဲ တစ္ခုျဖစ္တဲ့ က်န္းမာေရးေစာင့္ေရွာက္မႈ အရည္အေသြး ျမွင့္တင္ေရး နဲ႔
သုေတသန ဌာနခြဲ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality) က အရပ္ဖက္
ပညာရွင္မ်ား ပါ၀င္တဲ့ အဖြဲ႔တစ္ခု (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force)
ဖြဲ႔စည္းေပးပါတယ္။ ဒီအရပ္ဖက္ ပညာရွင္ေတြက က်န္းမာေရး၀န္ႀကီးဌာနရဲ႕
စြက္ဖက္မႈ၊ ႀကိဳတင္အေျဖထုတ္ေပးမႈေတြ မပါပဲ မိမိတို႔ တတ္ကြ်မ္းတဲ့ ပညာနဲ႔
လြတ္လြတ္လပ္လပ္ သုေတသနျပဳၿပီး ရလဒ္ကို အမ်ားျပည္သူ သိရွိရေအာင္
ေထာက္ခံအႀကံျပဳခ်က္ အေနနဲ႔ ၂၀၀၉ ခုႏွစ္ ႏို၀င္ဘာလမွာ အခုလို ထုတ္ျပန္ပါတယ္။

အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံရွိ အသက္ ၅၀ မွ ၇၄ ႏွစ္အတြင္း အမ်ိဳးသမီးမ်ား အားလံုး အနည္းဆံုး ၂ ႏွစ္ ၁ ႀကိမ္ ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ရိုက္ၿပီး စစ္ေဆးသင့္သည္။
အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံရွိ အသက္ ၄၀ မွ ၄၉ အတြင္းရွိ အမ်ိဳးသမီးမ်ား အေနျဖင့္မူ ပံုမွန္ စစ္ေဆးရန္မလို။ အကယ္၍ ရင္သားကင္ဆာ ျဖစ္ေစႏိုင္ေသာ မ်ိဳးရိုးဗီဇ ရွိပါက ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္
ရိုက္သင့္မရိုက္သင့္ကို ဆရာ၀န္ႏွင့္ တိုင္ပင္ၿပီး ေဆာင္ရြက္သင့္သည္။
အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံရွိ အသက္ ၇၅ ႏွစ္ေက်ာ္ အမ်ိဳးသမီးမ်ားအတြက္မူ မည္သည့္ ေထာက္ခံအႀကံျပဳခ်က္မွ် မေပးႏိုင္ေသးပါ။ (သုေတသနျပဳခ်က္မ်ား ျပည့္စံုလံုေလာက္မႈ မရွိ။)

ဒီလို ေထာက္ခံအႀကံျပဳခ်က္ဟာ အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံသူေတြ အတြက္သာ အဓိကျဖစ္လို႔
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံသူေတြ အေနနဲ႔ ဒီအတိုင္း ထပ္ခ်ပ္ ေဆာင္ရြက္သင့္တယ္လို႔
ေျပာဖို႔ခက္ပါတယ္။ ေနာက္တစ္ခ်က္က ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ရိုက္တဲ့ စက္နဲ႔
ဓာတ္မွန္ဖတ္တတ္သူက ၿမိဳ႕တိုင္း နယ္တိုင္းမွာ မရွိပါ။ ေရာဂါေတြ႔လာလွ်င္
စနစ္တက် ကုသေပးႏိုင္တဲ့ ဆရာ၀န္၊ ေဆးရံုမ်ားကလည္း အကန္႔အသတ္ႏွင့္သာ
ရွိပါတယ္။ ကုန္က်စရိတ္ကလည္း ထည့္စဥ္းစားစရာ အခ်က္တစ္ခု ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
ျမန္မာအမ်ိဳးသမီးမ်ားကို ကိုယ္စားျပဳတဲ့ ရင္သားကင္ဆာဆိုင္ရာ သုေတသန
ျပဳခ်က္ေတြ ပိုၿပီး ထြက္ေပၚလာေစဖို႔နဲ႔ သုေတသန ေတြ႔ရွိခ်က္ေတြကို
ျပည္သူအမ်ား သိရွိႏိုင္ေအာင္ ခ်ျပ ေျပာဆိုဖို႔ လိုအပ္ေၾကာင္း ေျပာလိုပါတယ္။

ကင္ဆာ၏ အေျခခံသေဘာတရားမ်ား
ကင္ဆာတို႔ မည္သည္ မ်က္စိျဖင့္မျမင္ႏိုင္ လက္ျဖင့္ မစမ္းသပ္ႏိုင္ေသာ အရြယ္အစားေလးမွ
တဆင့္ စမ္းသပ္ႏိုင္သည့္ အရြယ္အထိ ႀကီးထြားလာသည့္ သေဘာရွိသည္။ ႀကီးထြားႏႈန္း
အေႏွးအျမန္မွာ ကင္ဆာ အမ်ိဳးအစား တစ္ခုႏွင့္ တစ္ခု မတူေပ။
လက္ျဖင့္ကိုင္တြယ္ စမ္းသပ္ႏိုင္ေသာ အဖုအက်ိတ္အရြယ္ထိ
ႀကီးထြားလာေနၿပီဆိုလွ်င္ အေတာ့္ကို အႏၱရာယ္ရွိေနေပၿပီ။ တဖန္ အျခား
ခႏၶာကိုယ္ အစိတ္အပိုင္းမ်ားကိုပါ ျပန္႔ပြားေနၿပီဆိုလွ်င္ ကင္ဆာေရာဂါ
အဆိုးဆံုး အေျခအေနကို ေရာက္ေနၿပီဟု ေျပာလို႔ရႏိုင္သည္။

ဘာေၾကာင့္ႀကိဳတင္စစ္ေဆးဖို႔လိုအပ္တာလဲ
တကယ္လို႔မ်ား လက္ျဖင့္ စမ္းသပ္ႏိုင္သည့္ အဖုအက်ိတ္အရြယ္ မေရာက္မီကပင္ ကင္ဆာကို
ရွာေဖြႏိုင္ခဲ့ၿပီး နည္းမွန္လမ္းမွန္္ ကုသႏိုင္ခဲ့လွ်င္
အသက္ပိုရွည္ႏိုင္သည္။ ဒါေၾကာင့္လည္း က်န္းမာေရး ပညာရွင္ေတြက ကင္ဆာရွိမရွိ
ႀကိဳတင္ စစ္ေဆးဖို႔ တို္က္တြန္းၾကျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။ သို႔ရာတြင္ ‘ေပါ့ေစလိုလို႔
ေၾကာင္ရုပ္ထိုး ေဆးအတြက္ေလး’ ဆိုတာမ်ိဳး မျဖစ္ရေအာင္ ကင္ဆာရွိမရွိ
ႀကိဳတင္စစ္ေဆးသည့္ နည္းလမ္းမ်ားေၾကာင့္ ျဖစ္လာႏိုင္သည့္ အႏၱရာယ္မ်ားကိုလည္း
ထည့္တြက္သင့္သည္။

အမ်ိဳးသမီးမ်ား ႏွင့္ ရင္သားကင္ဆာ
ရင္သားကင္ဆာသည္ အမ်ိဳးသမီးမ်ားတြင္သာ ျဖစ္ႏိုင္သေလာ။ မဟုတ္ပါ။ အမ်ိဳးသားမ်ားတြင္လည္း
ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ပါသည္။ သို႔ရာတြင္ ကမာၻေပၚ၌ ကင္ဆာေၾကာင့္ ေသဆံုးသူ အမ်ိဳးသမီးမ်ား
အနက္ ရင္သားကင္ဆာက အဓိက တရားခံျဖစ္သည္။ အမ်ိဳးသားမ်ား အတြက္မူ
လည္ေခ်ာင္းႏွင့္ အဆုတ္ကင္ဆာမ်ားက ဒုကၡအေပးဆံုးပင္။ (WHO global burden of
disease)

ရင္သားကင္ဆာ ႀကိဳတင္စစ္ေဆးနည္းမ်ား
အဓိက စစ္ေဆးနည္း ၅ မ်ိဳးမွာ -

သံလိုက္အားသံုး ဓာတ္မွန္ – Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
ရင္သား ဓာတ္မွန္ – Film Mammography
ရင္သား ဒစ္ဂ်စ္တယ္ ဓာတ္မွန္ – Digital Mammography
ဆရာ၀န္ စမ္းသပ္ျခင္း - Clinical Breast Examination
မိမိကိုယ္တိုင္ စမ္းသပ္ျခင္း - Breast Self Examination

အခုလို ႀကိဳတင္စစ္ေဆးနည္းမွာ ဘယ္ဟာက ပိုသာလဲ ဆိုတာကို ေတြ႔ရွိႏိုင္စြမ္း
(sensitivity) နဲ႔ တိက်မႈ (specificity) ဆိုတဲ့ အခ်က္ ႏွစ္ခ်က္
နဲ႔တိုင္းပါတယ္။

ႀကိဳတင္စစ္ေဆးနည္း တစ္ခုရဲ႕ ‘ေတြ႔ရွိႏိုင္စြမ္း’ ဆိုတာဟာ ကင္ဆာရွိေနသူ လူ ၁၀၀ ကို စစ္ေဆးၾကည့္လိုက္လို႔ အဲဒီအထဲက
ဘယ္ႏွစ္ေယာက္ကို ကင္ဆာရွိေနပါတယ္ လို႔ မွန္မွန္ကန္ကန္ အေျဖထြက္လဲ ဆိုတာကို
ၾကည့္ျခင္း ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ ေပးရရင္ ေဗဒင္ဆရာ တစ္ေယာက္ကို ေဗဒင္သြားေမးတယ္
ဆိုပါစို႔။ ခင္ဗ်ားအိမ္မွာ သရက္ပင္ ရွိတယ္လို႔ ေဟာတယ္။ အိမ္မွာ
သရက္ပင္ရွိတဲ့ ေမးသူ ၁၀၀ မွာ ဘယ္ႏွစ္ေယာက္ကို မွန္ေအာင္ ေဟာႏိုင္လဲ ဆိုတာ
‘ေတြ႔ရွိႏိုင္စြမ္း’ ပါပဲ။ သတိခ်ပ္ဖို႔က တခ်ိဳ႕ေမးသူေတြအိမ္မွာ
သရက္ပင္ရွိေပမယ္လို႔ ေဗဒင္ဆရာက သရက္ပင္ရွိတယ္လို႔ မေဟာလိုက္ႏိုင္ဘူး။
(မသိတဲ့ အခါလည္း မသိဘူးေပါ့)

‘တိက်မႈ’ ဆိုတာက်ေတာ့ ႀကိဳတင္စစ္ေဆးနည္း အေျဖက ကင္ဆာ ေရာဂါရွိတယ္ လို႔ အေျဖထြက္ေပမယ့္ တကယ္တန္း
လက္ေတြ႔မွာ အဲဒီလူအားလံုး ေရာဂါရွိေနတာ မဟုတ္ပါ။ တခ်ိဳ႕တေလမွာ ေရာဂါ
မရွိပါပဲနဲ႔ ႀကိဳတင္စစ္ေဆးနည္းက ေရာဂါရွိပါတယ္လို႔ အေျဖထြက္လာတာမ်ိဳး
ျဖစ္တတ္ပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ နဲ႔ ရွင္းျပရရင္ ေဗဒင္ဆရာက တစ္ႏွစ္အတြင္း
ထီေပါက္မယ္လို႔ ေဟာလိုက္တယ္။ အဲဒီလို ထီေပါက္မယ္လို႔ အေဟာခံရတဲ့ လူ ၁၀၀ မွာ
ဘယ္ႏွစ္ေယာက္က တစ္ႏွစ္အတြင္း တကယ္ ထီေပါက္သလဲ ဆိုတာဟာ ‘တိက်မႈ’ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
သတိခ်ပ္ဖို႔က ထီေပါက္မယ္ အေဟာခံရတိုင္း ေပါက္ခ်င္မွ ေပါက္တာ။
(မွားတဲ့အခါလည္း မွားေပမေပါ့)

အထက္မွာ ေဖာ္ျပခဲ့တဲ့ နည္းလမ္း ၅ မ်ိဳးရဲ႕ ေတြ႔ရွိႏိုင္စြမ္း၊ တိက်မႈနဲ႔ အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံက ကုန္က်စရိတ္ ကို ဇယားနဲ႔ ေဖာ္ျပလိုက္ပါတယ္။

စဥ္ နည္းလမ္း ေတြ႔ရွိႏိုင္စြမ္း တိက်မႈ ကုန္က်စရိတ္
၁။ သံလိုက္အားသံုး ဓာတ္မွန္ ၇၁ - ၁၀၀% ၈၁ - ၉၁% ေဒၚလာ ၃၆၀၀ + စမ္းသပ္ခ
၂။ ရင္သား ဓာတ္မွန္ ၇၇ - ၉၅% ၉၄ - ၉၇% ေဒၚလာ ၈၅ + စမ္းသပ္ခ
၃။ ရင္သား ဒစ္ဂ်စ္တယ္ ဓာတ္မွန္ ၇၇ - ၉၅% ၉၄ - ၉၇% ေဒၚလာ ၁၃၅ + စမ္းသပ္ခ
၄။ ဆရာ၀န္ စမ္းသပ္ျခင္း ၄၀ - ၆၉% ၈၈ - ၉၉% စမ္းသပ္ခ
၅။ မိမိကိုယ္တိုင္ စမ္းသပ္ျခင္း ၁၂ - ၄၁% - -

ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္းေတြကို နမူနာ ရွင္းျပရမယ္ ဆိုရင္ -

ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ရဲ႕ ကင္ဆာ ေတြ႔ရွိႏိုင္စြမ္း ၇၇ မွ ၉၅% ဆိုတာ၊ တကယ္တန္း ကင္ဆာ ေရာဂါရွိတဲ့ အမ်ိဳးသမီး ၁၀၀ ကို ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ ရိုက္ၾကည့္ရင္ ၇၇ ေယာက္ကေန ၉၅
ေယာက္ေလာက္အထိရဲ႕ ဓာတ္မွန္မွာ ကင္ဆာသ႑န္ကို ေတြ႔ႏိုင္ပါမယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္လည္း
ခန္႔မွန္းေခ် ၅ ေယာက္ကေန ၂၃ ေယာက္ေလာက္ကေတာ့ ေရာဂါရွိေနလ်က္နဲ႔ ဓာတ္မွန္မွာ
ေရာဂါ ေတြ႔မွာ မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ တနည္း ေျပာရရင္ ဓာတ္မွန္မွာ ကင္ဆာ
မေတြ႔ဘူးဆိုတိုင္း ကင္ဆာ မရွိဘူးလို႔ တတ္အပ္ ေျပာလို႔ မရပါ။

တစ္ခါ တိက်မႈ ၉၄ မွ ၉၇% ဆိုတာ ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္မွာ ကင္ဆာသ႑န္ေတြ႔တဲ့ အမ်ိဳးသမီး ၁၀၀
မွာ ၉၄ ေယာက္ကေန ၉၇ ေယာက္ေလာက္ အထိက တကယ္ ကင္ဆာ ရွိၾကပါတယ္။ တနည္း
ေျပာရရင္ ဓာတ္မွန္မွာ ကင္ဆာ ေတြ႔တိုင္းလည္း ကင္ဆာ ရွိေနၿပီလို႔ ေသခ်ာေပါက္
ေျပာလို႔ မရပါ။

ဒါဆို ေသခ်ာေအာင္ ဘယ္လို လုပ္ရမလဲ။
ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ရိုက္လို႔ ကင္ဆာ သ႑န္ ေတြ႔တယ္ဆိုရင္ အဲဒီ ကင္ဆာ ျဖစ္ေနတယ္လို႔ သံသယရွိတဲ့ ေနရာက
အသားစ နမူနာယူၿပီး ဓာတ္ခြဲ စစ္ေဆးရပါမယ္။ အဲဒါမွ ကင္ဆာရွိမရွိ ပိုၿပီး
ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာ သိႏိုင္မွာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ရိုက္လို႔ ကင္ဆာ သ႑န္ မေတြ႔ရင္လည္း ေနာက္ ၂ ႏွစ္ေနရင္ တစ္ခါ ျပန္ရိုက္သင့္ပါတယ္။

ဘယ္အသက္အရြယ္မွာ စၿပီးေတာ့ ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ ရိုက္သင့္လဲ အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံ က်န္းမာေရး၀န္ႀကီးဌာနရဲ႕ ဌာနခြဲ တစ္ခုျဖစ္တဲ့ က်န္းမာေရးေစာင့္ေရွာက္မႈ အရည္အေသြး ျမွင့္တင္ေရး နဲ႔ သုေတသန ဌာနခြဲ က အရပ္ဖက္ ပညာရွင္မ်ား ပါ၀င္တဲ့
အဖြဲ႔တစ္ခု ဖြဲ႔စည္းေပးပါတယ္။ ဒီအရပ္ဖက္ ပညာရွင္ေတြက က်န္းမာေရး၀န္ႀကီးဌာနရဲ႕ စြက္ဖက္မႈ၊ ႀကိဳတင္အေျဖထုတ္ေပးမႈေတြ မပါပဲ မိမိတို႔ တတ္ကြ်မ္းတဲ့ ပညာနဲ႔ လြတ္လြတ္လပ္လပ္ သုေတသနျပဳၿပီး ရလာဒ္ကို အမ်ားျပည္သူ သိရွိရေအာင္ ေထာက္ခံအႀကံျပဳခ်က္ အေနနဲ႔ ထုတ္ျပန္ပါတယ္။

ဒီေနရာမွာ ဆက္ဆိုင္လို႔ ေထာက္ခံအႀကံျပဳခ်က္ (Recommendation) ရဲ႕ အဓိပၸါယ္ကို
ရွင္းခ်င္ပါတယ္။ ေထာက္ခံအႀကံျပဳခ်က္ဆိုတာ ဥပေဒနဲ႔ မတူပါဘူး။ လိုက္လုပ္လည္း
ရတယ္။ မလုပ္ခ်င္လည္း ရတယ္။ ကင္ဆာဆရာ၀န္ သို႔မဟုတ္ ခြဲစိတ္ဆရာ၀န္က
ကုိယ့္သမၻာ နဲ႔ကိုယ္ ဆံုးျဖတ္ၿပီး ပညာရွင္ေတြရဲ႕ ေထာက္ခံအႀကံျပဳခ်က္ကို
မလိုက္နာပဲ ကုေပးတာကို ဘယ္သူကမွ လာၿပီး အျပစ္ေပးလို႔ မရပါ။ ဘယ္ ရဲ ကမွလည္း
ေစာင့္ၾကည့္မေနပါ။

ဒါေပမယ့္ ဘာသာရပ္ပိုင္းဆိုင္ရာ (ဒီကိစၥမွာ ရင္သားကင္ဆာ ဆိုင္ရာ) တတ္ကြ်မ္းတဲ့ ပညာရွင္ေတြက ဒီလို ဒီလိုေတာ့ျဖင့္
လုပ္သင့္ပါတယ္ ေျပာထားလ်က္နဲ႔ ကိုယ္က လိုက္မလုပ္ျဖစ္ခဲ့လို႔ လူနာမွာ
တစ္ခုခု နစ္နာ ဆံုးရံႈးသြားရမယ္ ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ နစ္နာမႈနဲ႔ တရားစြဲတာ
ခံရႏိုင္ပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ပိုင္းကိစၥကေတာ့ တရားခြင္မွာ ဆက္ရွင္းေပါ့။

အရပ္ဖက္ပညာရွင္အဖြဲ႔ဆိုတာမ်ိဳးက အခုမွ ေပၚလာတာ မဟုတ္ပါ။ ၁၉၈၄ ခုႏွစ္ေလာက္ ကတည္းက ရွိခဲ့တဲ့
အဖြဲ႔ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အဖြဲ႔၀င္ေတြ ေျပာင္းရင္သာ ေျပာင္းသြားမယ္ လြတ္လြတ္လပ္လပ္
လုပ္ငန္းေဆာင္ရြက္ႏိုင္မႈ သေဘာတရားကေတာ့ မေျပာင္းပါ။
ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ရိုက္ၿပီး ရင္သားကင္ဆာ ရွာေဖြၾကည့္ျခင္း ဆိုင္ရာ
ေထာက္ခံအႀကံျပဳခ်က္ကို ၂၀၀၂ ခုႏွစ္တုန္းက ဒီအဖြဲ႔ကပဲ ေျပာခဲ့ဖူးပါတယ္။
အခုေတာ့ သုေတသန ေတြ႔ရွိခ်က္ အသစ္ေတြေပၚ အေျခခံၿပီး ၂၀၀၉ ခုႏွစ္
ေထာက္ခံအႀကံျပဳခ်က္ကို ထုတ္တာပါ။ ဘာေတြကြာျခားလဲ ဆိုတာ
ႏႈိင္းယွဥ္ၾကည့္ရေအာင္။

အမ်ိဳးသမီးမ်ား၏ အသက္ ၂၀၀၂ ၂၀၀၉
၄၀ - ၄၉ ႏွစ္ ၁ ႏွစ္ (သို႔) ၂ ႏွစ္ လွ်င္ တစ္ႀကိမ္ႏႈန္းျဖင့္ ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ ရိုက္သင့္သည္။ ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ ပံုမွန္ ရိုက္စရာမလို။ လူတစ္ဦးခ်င္း အေနအထားေပၚ မူတည္၍ ဆရာ၀န္ႏွင့္ တိုင္ပင္ကာ လိုအပ္မွ ရိုက္သင့္သည္။
၅၀ - ၇၄ ႏွစ္ ၁ ႏွစ္ (သို႔) ၂ ႏွစ္ လွ်င္ တစ္ႀကိမ္ႏႈန္းျဖင့္ ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ ရိုက္သင့္သည္။ ၂ ႏွစ္ ၁ ႀကိမ္ႏႈန္းျဖင့္ ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ ရိုက္သင့္သည္။
၇၅ ႏွစ္ အထက္ ၁ ႏွစ္ (သို႔) ၂ ႏွစ္ လွ်င္ တစ္ႀကိမ္ႏႈန္းျဖင့္ ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ ရိုက္သင့္သည္။ သုေတသနျပဳခ်က္မ်ား လံုေလာက္မႈမရွိသျဖင့္ အတတ္မေျပာႏိုင္။

၂၀၀၉ ေထာက္ခံအႀကံျပဳခ်က္မွာ ပါတဲ့ ေနာက္အခ်က္ တစ္ခုကေတာ့ MRI, Digital Mammography နဲ႔ ဆရာ၀န္ စမ္းသပ္တာေတြ အတြက္ကိုေတာ့ မည္သို႔မွ်
မေျပာလိုေၾကာင္း၊ သုေတသန ျပဳခ်က္မ်ား မလံုေလာက္ေၾကာင္း ပါရွိပါတယ္။
‘မိမိကိုယ္တိုင္စမ္းသပ္ျခင္း’ နည္းလမ္းကိုေတာ့ ႀကိဳတင္စစ္ေဆးမႈအတြက္
အသံုးမျပဳသင့္ေၾကာင္း ေျပာထားပါတယ္။

ဘာေၾကာင့္ ဒီလို ေထာက္ခံအႀကံျပဳသလဲ
ရင္သားကင္ဆာေၾကာင့္ အသက္ေသဆံုးရမႈ ေလွ်ာ့က်ေစဖို႔ကို အဓိကရည္ရြယ္ၿပီး ဒီလို ေထာက္ခံအႀကံျပဳတာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

သူတို႔ ဘယ္လိုသိသလဲ
အေမရိကန္ အရပ္ဖက္ ပညာရွင္အဖြဲ႔႕က အျခားသုေတသီေတြ လုပ္ေဆာင္ခဲ့သမွ်ေတြကို စနစ္တက်
ေလ့လာၿပီး အႏွစ္ခ်ဳပ္ရလဒ္ကို ၾကည့္ပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ၿပီးေတာ့
အေမရိကန္ႏိုင္ငံသူေတြရဲ႕ ရင္သားကင္ဆာ ျဖစ္ပြားႏႈန္း၊ ေရာဂါအျပင္းအေပ်ာ့၊
ကင္ဆာေၾကာင့္ ေသဆံုးမႈႏႈန္း စတဲ့ အခ်က္အလက္ေတြကို ကြန္ပ်ဴတာထဲ
ထည့္သြင္းၿပီး ဘယ္အသက္အရြယ္မွာ ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ ရိုက္တာက ရင္သားကင္ဆာေၾကာင့္
ေသဆံုးမႈႏႈန္းကို ေလွ်ာ့ခ်ေပးႏိုင္လဲ ဆိုတာကို ဆန္းစစ္ပါတယ္။

ဒီဆန္းစစ္ခ်က္ေတြအရ အသက္ ၅၀ ကေန ၆၉ ႏွစ္အတြင္း ရွိ အမ်ိဳးသမီးမ်ားကို ၂ ႏွစ္ ၁ ႀကိမ္
ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ ရိုက္တာက ရင္သားကင္ဆာေၾကာင့္ ေသဆံုးမႈႏႈန္းကို ၁၅
ရာခိုင္ႏႈန္းခန္႔ ေလွ်ာ့ခ်ႏိုင္ၿပီး၊ မလိုအပ္ပဲ အသားစယူခံရမႈ အနည္းဆံုး
ဆိုတာ ေတြ႔ပါတယ္။ အသက္ ၄၀ နဲ႔ ၅၀ ၾကား အမ်ိဳးသမီးေတြကိုပါ ၂ ႏွစ္ ၁ ႀကိမ္
ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ ရိုက္ၿပီး စစ္ေဆးမယ္ ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ ရွားရွားပါးပါး တစ္ေယာက္
တစ္ေလရဲ႕ အသက္ကို ထပ္ၿပီး ကယ္တင္ေကာင္း ကယ္တင္ႏိုင္ပါမယ္။ ဒီလို
အသက္တစ္ေခ်ာင္း ကယ္တင္ႏိုင္ဖို႔အတြက္ လူ ၁၃၀၀ ေလာက္ကို ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္
ရိုက္ၿပီးစစ္ေဆးဖို႔ လိုပါမယ္။ ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ ၁၂၉၉ ႀကိမ္ (တန္ဖိုးအားျဖင့္
ေဒၚလာ ၁ သိန္း ၃ ေသာင္းဖိုးေလာက္) က အပိုရိုက္ရသလို ျဖစ္ေနတယ္။
အၾကမ္းဖ်င္း ေျပာေၾကးဆိုရင္ အသက္တစ္ေခ်ာင္းက ေဒၚလာ ၁ သိန္း ၃ ေသာင္း တန္တယ္
ဆိုပါစို႔ရဲ႕။ စာရႈသူဆိုရင္ ဘယ္လို ဆံုးျဖတ္မလဲ။

ေဆြးေႏြးခ်က္
ဒီ ေထာက္ခံအႀကံျပဳခ်က္ ထြက္ေပၚအၿပီးမွာ အေမရိကန္ ရုပ္ျမင္သံၾကားေတြက
ရင္သားကင္ဆာ ေ၀ဒနာရွင္ အမ်ိဳးသမီး တစ္ခ်ိဳ႕နဲ႔ ေတြ႔ဆံုပါတယ္။ ကာယကံရွင္ေတြ
ေျပာတာက သူတို႔ေတြ အသက္ ၄၀ ေက်ာ္ ၅၀ မတိုင္မီအရြယ္တုန္းက ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္
ရိုက္လိုက္မိလို႔သာ ကင္ဆာကို ေစာေစာေတြ႔ၿပီး အသက္ရွင္ႏိုုင္တာပါတဲ့။
မွန္ပါတယ္။ တစ္ဦးခ်င္း အေနနဲ႔ ဒီလို အေတြ႔အႀကံဳမ်ိဳးကေတာ့ ရွိမွာပါပဲ။
ဒါေပမယ့္လည္း ရုပ္ျမင္သံၾကားမွာ ေတြ႔ဆံုေမးျမန္း ခံရတဲ့ အမ်ိဳးသမီး
တစ္ေယာက္ ရွိရင္၊ သူ႔လိုပဲ အသက္ ၅၀ မတိုင္ခင္ ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ ရိုက္ၿပီး
ကင္ဆာမရွိပါပဲ ကင္ဆာရွိတယ္လို႔ မွားၿပီး သတ္မွတ္ခံရတဲ့ အမ်ိဳးသမီးက ၈၈
ေယာက္ ရွိေနပါလိမ့္မယ္။ အဲဒီ ၈၈ ေယာက္မွာေတာ့ မလိုအပ္ပဲ အသားစယူ စစ္ေဆးတာ
ခံခဲ့ရမွာပါ။ ဒီလို မွားယြင္းၿပီး အသားစယူခံရတဲ့ အမ်ိဳးသမီး ေတြကိုေတာ့
ရုပ္ျမင္သံၾကားေတြက ေတြ႔ဆံုေမးျမန္းျခင္း မျပဳပါဘူး။

အခု ေထာက္ခံအႀကံျပဳခ်က္ဟာ သိပၸံနည္းက် စနစ္တက် သုေတသနျပဳၿပီး ရလာတဲ့
အခ်က္အလက္ေတြေပၚမွာ အေျခခံ ေရးသားထားတာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္လည္း
ႏိုင္ငံတစ္ႏိုင္ငံရဲ႕ က်န္းမာေရး ေပၚလစီ ခ်မွတ္တဲ့ အခါမွာ သိပၸံနည္းက်တာ
မက်တာ တစ္ခ်က္တည္းနဲ႔ ျဖစ္ခ်င္မွ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဥပေဒျပဳ အမတ္ေတြကို
ေရြးေကာက္တင္ေျမွာက္ထားတဲ့ ျပည္သူလူထုက မႀကိဳက္ရင္ သိပၸံနည္း ဘယ္လို က်ေနေန
အမတ္ေတြ ဘာမွ မတတ္ႏို္င္ပါဘူး။

ေနာက္တစ္ခ်က္က ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ေၾကာင့္ အက်ိဳးျဖစ္ေနသူေတြ (ဥပမာ ဓာတ္မွန္စက္ တီထြင္သူေတြ၊
ဓာတ္မွန္စက္ ေထာင္သူေတြ၊ ဓာတ္မွန္ ဆရာ၀န္ေတြ) လည္း အမ်ားအျပားရွိေသးေတာ့
သူတို႔ရဲ႕ အျမင္ေတြကလည္း ဥပါဒါန္ မကင္းႏိုင္ ျဖစ္တတ္ပါတယ္။

ေနာက္ဆံုး လူေတြ မေျပာခ်င္ၾကေပမယ့္ မေျပာမျဖစ္ေျပာရမယ့္ ကိစၥက ေငြေရးေၾကးေရးပါ။
‘ေငြဘယ္ေလာက္ကုန္ကုန္ ကုလိုက္မယ္’ ဆိုတာ စကားအျဖစ္သာ ရွိပါတယ္။ တကယ္တန္းမွာ
မိသားစုတိုင္း၊ မိသားစုတိုင္း ေငြေၾကးတတ္ႏိုင္မႈေပၚ မူတည္ၿပီး က်န္းမာေရး
ေစာင့္ေရွာက္မႈအတြက္ကို သံုးၾကရပါတယ္။ ႏိုင္ငံတစ္ႏိုင္ငံမွာလည္း
ဒီအတိုင္းပါပဲ။ တိုင္းျပည္က ဘယ္ေလာက္ ခ်မ္းသာေနလဲ၊ က်န္းမာေရးအတြက္
ဘယ္ေလာက္ ေငြအကုန္ခံေနလဲ ဆိုတဲ့ အခ်က္ေတြဟာ အေရးႀကီးတဲ့ အခ်က္ေတြပါ။

ျမန္မာအမ်ိဳးသမီးမ်ားနဲ႔ ဘယ္လို သက္ဆိုင္မလဲ
ကမာၻ႕က်န္းမာေရးအဖြဲ႔ရဲ႕ သံုးသပ္ခ်က္အရကေတာ့ အေရွ႕ေတာင္အာရွ ႏိုင္ငံေတြမွာ ရင္သားကင္ဆာဟာ
အမ်ိဳးသမီးေတြအတြက္ ဒုတိယ ဒုကၡအေပးဆံုး ျဖစ္ပါတယ္တဲ့။ ဒီလိုဆိုေတာ့
အေရွ႕ေတာင္အာရွထဲမွာ ပါတဲ့ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံက အမ်ိဳးသမီးေတြအတြက္လည္း
အေရးႀကီးတာေပါ့။

ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအေနနဲ႔ ရင္သားကင္ဆာ ႀကိဳတင္စစ္ေဆးျခင္း ကိစၥကို တစ္ႏိုင္ငံလံုး အတိုင္းအတာနဲ႔
လုပ္ေဆာင္ႏိုင္ေနၿပီလို႔ေတာ့ မၾကားမိေသးပါ။ စာေရးသူတို႔ ေဆးေက်ာင္းသား
ဘ၀ကမ်ားဆိုရင္ ရင္သားကင္ဆာ ေ၀ဒနာရွင္ေတြဟာ အဖုအက်ိတ္ အေတာ္ႀကီးကို ႀကီးမွ
ေဆးရံုေရာက္လာၾကတာေတြ ရွိပါတယ္။ ေရာဂါကြ်မ္းမွ ေရာက္လာတာေပါ့။ ကုသရလည္း
ခက္ခဲသြားၿပီး အသက္ရွင္ဖို႔လည္း မလြယ္ေတာ့ပါ။

ဒီေန႔ ဒီအခ်ိန္မွာေတာ့ ၿမိဳ႕ႀကီးေတြမွာ ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ ရိုက္လို႔ ရေနပါၿပီ။ ဒါေပမယ့္
ၿမိဳ႕တိုင္းမွာေတာ့ မရေသးပါ။ က်န္းမာေရး ဗဟုသုတရွိသူ ေဆးရံုေဆးခန္းနဲ႔
နီးစပ္သူမ်ားကေတာ့ ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ ရိုက္ဖို႔ ဆရာ၀န္နဲ႔ တိုင္ပင္တာေတြ
ရွိလာေနပါၿပီ။ တစ္ဖက္မွာလည္း ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ရိုက္တယ္ ဆိုတာကို ဘာမွန္း
မသိသူမ်ားလည္း ရွိပါေသးတယ္။ အရြယ္ေရာက္တဲ့ ျမန္မာ အမ်ိဳးသမီးတိုင္း
ရင္သားကင္ဆာ ဗဟုသုတ ရွိေနဖို႔ အေတာ္အားထုတ္ လုပ္ေဆာင္ရပါဦးမယ္။

ေဖာ္ျပပါ သုေတသန ျပဳခ်က္ေတြဟာ အေမရိကန္ အမ်ိဳးသမီးေတြကို အဓိကထား
စဥ္းစားထားတာျဖစ္လို႔ ျမန္မာအမ်ိဳးသမီးေတြမွာ လည္း ဒီလိုအေျခအေနရွိမယ္လို႔
တပ္အပ္ မေျပာႏိုင္ပါ။ ျမန္မာအမ်ိဳးသမီးမ်ားမွာ ရင္သားကင္ဆာ
ျဖစ္ပြားမႈႏႈန္း၊ ေရာဂါအမ်ိဳးအစား၊ အႏုအရင့္ စတာေတြကို သိရွိႏိုင္ဖို႔
သုေတသန ျပဳခ်က္ေတြ လိုပါမယ္။

ကဲ စာေရးသူေရ ေ၀့၀ိုက္မေနပါနဲ႔ ျမန္မာအမ်ိဳးသမီးေတြကို ဘယ္လို အႀကံေပးမလဲ ဆိုရင္ေတာ့ …

အသက္ ၄၀ ေက်ာ္ၿပီး မိသားစု (မိခင္၊ အေဒၚ၊ ညီမ၊ အစ္မ) မွာ ရင္သားကင္ဆာ ျဖစ္ဖူးရင္
အသက္ ၄၀ ေက်ာ္ၿပီး ရင္သားမွာ နဂိုကမရွိတဲ့ အဖုအက်ိတ္ ရွိလာၿပီလို႔ သံသယရွိရင္
အသက္ ၅၀ ေက်ာ္ၿပီး ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ ရိုက္ဖို႔ အဆင္ေျပရင္ (မိမိေနတဲ့ၿမိဳ႕မွာ ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ ရိုက္လို႔ရရင္)

နီးစပ္ရာ တတ္ကြ်မ္းနားလည္တဲ့ ဆရာ၀န္မ်ားနဲ႔ တိုင္ပင္ၿပီး ရင္သားဓာတ္မွန္ ရိုက္ၾကည့္သင့္ပါတယ္။ တစ္ဆက္တည္း ၂ ႏွစ္ ၁ ႀကိမ္ ပံုမွန္ စစ္ေဆးဖို႔ရာလည္း
တိုက္တြန္းလိုက္ပါတယ္။

Mandelblatt et al. Effects of Mammography Screening Under Different Screening
Schedules: Model Estimates of Potential Benefits and Harms. Ann Intern
Med. 2009;151:738-747.

Nelson et al. 2009. Screening for Breast Cancer: An Update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann
Intern Med. 2009;151:727-737.

Screening for Breast Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. U.S. Preventive
Services Task Force*. 2009. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:716-726.

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force’s recommendation on Screening for Breast Cancer. 2002. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/pocketgd09/gcp09s2.htm#BreastScreening on November 19, 2009.

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force’s recommendation on Screening for Breast Cancer. 2009. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspsbrca.htm on November 19, 2009.

WHO. 2006. Global disease burden 2004 update.

http://myanmarinsingapore.com/profiles/blog/show?id=2316969%3ABlogP... ဒီကေန ကူးလာတာပါ။

မိန္းကေလးခ်င္းသိသင့္တာေတြ သူငယ္ခ်င္းေတြသိေစခ်င္လုိ႕ပါ။ျဖစ္ျပီေဟ့ဆုိလို႕ျဖတ္လိုက္ရရင္လဲ မေကာင္းဘူးေလ။

*PIANCIT PAINA THU (1917-1918)*

Leitung galpi khatna 1914 Kumin piang a, tua gal kidona-ah Englandte tampi
si-in Kham dangka Pound 900 Million val bei hi. England leh France kipawlin,
France gamah a kisim laitakun Englandte in amau’ huhna gam tengah huhna mah
ngen kawikawi uh hi. Tua hunin Ih Kawl gam England Kumpi in hong uk khin a
hih manin, Kawl gamah zong huhna hong ngen kik uh hi. Sukte gam, Kamhau’
gam, Sihzaang’ gam tengah huhna ngen dingin Mawlaik panin Deputy
Commissioner D.D.F.O.Lowler 1917 January nipi masa sungin Tedim hong tung
hi. Hih Ukpi 3 sung tengah ki kaikhawmin, gal huh ding gen hi. Amasa-in
Ukpite in nanial uh hi. A hi zongin F.O Lowler in, 1891 June 23, ni a
Thangpi a kibawl, kiciamna bulphuhin huhna hong nget ciangin, Ukpite in
nanial ngam nawnlo uh hi. Hau Cinkhup makai-in Ukpite in amau’ uk sung
ciatah mi kaihkhop sakin, Sukte gam panin mi 250, Kamhau’ gam panin, mi 700,
Sihzaang gam panin, mi 83, a gawm mi 1033 ngah sak uh hi. A kingen zah
sangin a tam zaw ngah sak uh hi.

[image: biakinn]

Gal huh ding a apai mite Tedimah kha 3 sung nasep sinsak phot uh hi. Kha 3
sung a man khit uh ciangin inn lamah kha lang sung ciah khuan pia uh hi.
1917 May 15 ni-in gal huh ding mi 1033-te Tedimah kituah uh a, France gal
mai a na sem dingin, Tedim khua panin anuai a bangin pai uh hi.
1917 May 27 Zingsang nai 10:00 Tedim panin Dimlo-ah giak uh hi. 1917May
28, Dimlo panin Thangpi-ah giak hi. 1917May 30, Tulsuk panin Kawlpi-ah giak
hi. 1917 May 31, Kawlpi panin Gunkhawm tunginGunkhawm pan in tum theih a
tuamtaum tawh na muak uh hi. 1917 June 1, Gunkhawm panin Tembaw tawh Myanyan
June ni 4 ni-in Tung uh a zan thum tam uh hi. 1917 June 8, Myanyan
panin Yangon tung uh hi. Sya Po tha in zing an nekpihin France pai ding
teng, zatep bu nih, Khakkhi puan ak khat tek, pheituam khat, puanak tungsilh
khat mainul khat leh sunsiah phel khat tek pia uh hi. 1917 June 9,
Zogam<http://vaphual.net/>panin a ki kha sukte tawh mangpha kikhakin,
Yangon pan Tembaw tawh ding khia
uh hi. 1917 June 13,Nitak nai 5:00 India Khuapi Culcutta tung uh a,
Kei-zaangte Khoigin a kam sung meima-inZato kahin Zato panin si hi. A
luang mei tawh hal ding deihlo uh a hih manin, Vung Zakham maikai-in Khuapi
tai 15 a ki gamlatna-ah vui uh hi. 1917June 24, Nitak nai 5:00 Culcutta pan
Meileng tawh Bombay pai hi. 1917June 28, Nitak nai 6:00-ah Bombay khua
tungin Zato-ah ki ensak uh a, khua vot thuak zolo mi 15 ciah sak uh
hi. 1917June
29, Nitak nai 3:00 Sente’ Tembaw tuangin Bombay pan ding khia uh hi.. Arabia
tuipi tungah ni 13 sung paisuak uh hi. 1917 July 14, Nitak nai 5:00-in Eden
huan tung uh a Inn sung
lutpah theilo uh hi..
Nai.7:00Pm, ciang lut thei. uh hi. 1917 July 17, Eden pan Tembaw ni 4 sung
pai uh a, Izipt gam Suez canal zuan uh hi. 1917 ni 21 ni-in, Suez tung uh a,
Tua kikal sehnel gam bekbek a hi hi. Suez canal pen Englandte’vanleng
phualpi hi a, a galvanlengte uh muhnop sa mahmah uh hi. 1917 July 26, Nitak
nai 6:00 Suez Khuapi panin Meileng tawh pai uh hi 1917 July 27, Zingsang
8:00 Egypt gam Alexandria khuapi tung uh a, nitak lamin Tembaw tawh
paisuakin Italy gam Toronto khuapi tungin nisat mahmah na mun hi a, amau’
suan tawm singkung bek po hi. Sing ham mahmah hi. Tui nisa-ah lumsak masa-in
tua khit ciangin meitungah suang pan uh hi. Sing kung tungah Toktol tam
mahmah ahih manin, Toktol khua ci-in ciamteh uh hi. 1917August ni 6
ni-in Toronto
khua panin meileng tawh ni 8 sung pai-in, Moh leh niantui bekbek tawh vakin
nuamsa mahmah uh hi. 1917August14 ni France Khuapi Marselles a tun uh
ciangin, Khasum Rs. 50/- Oversea Allowvance Rs. 100/- sang sak uh hi. Sukte
leh Sihzaang mi teng, No.61 Labour Corp min pia-in, Kamhau’ mi No. 62 Labour
Corp min pia a, Capt, Rund-all in uk hi. 1917 Aug 24, Marselles khua panin
meileng tawh ding ding khia kikin, England leh Germanyte’ kikapna mun Bikot
camp 1917 August 27 ni-in tung uh hi. Tua lai-ah nasep laitakin, Tonzaangte
Neng Zalang in khutlet bomb khat puakkhamsak kha a hih manin, mi 6 liamin
tuate Zato pension kipia hi.

Bikot camp panin Brazil-ah ki tuah kik uh a, tua campah a om sungun sun leh
zanin thauging bekbek kawlmim kanpuak ging bangin tai 100 huam sung,
thautang san ziahzuah ci-in lim gen mahmah uh hi. Piancit paite pen galkap
hilo-in vansiate khawmtuah, galte’ zat ding thauvui thautang annek tui dawn,
a suah a sang leh a kisam bangbang asem uh a hi hi. Tua bangin a lauhuai
galmai samai-ah lungleng khuangai-in a om sungun, a ki hehnepna-un,
Alexandria khua a a om sung vua, Gualkhate tawh tuipek a kidemna uh khawng,
Arabia tuipi tung a nawk lai vua, amuh uh ngasa inn ciacia a phate kikumin
holim mahmah uh hi.

Alexandria a om sungun Gualkhate tawh tuipek kidem uh a, Gualkha galkap 9,
Zato kipuak a hih manin, tuipek ding kikham hi. Arabia tuipi kantanin, tui
hualte nasia lua mahmah ahih manin, Motor kham bangin khamin an ne zolo tui
dawn zolo-in a om laitakun inn ciacia, saipi ciacia a pha ngasa (Whale) gual
khat ciangin tul val bang a pha ding tai 2 sung bang, nisuahna pan nitumna
lam manawhin a tai hanhan ngasa a muh uh ciangin lamdang sa-in muhnop sa
mahmah uh hi.

Bikot khua a om lai-un ana seppih uh midangte tawh, lungnop nadingin bawlung
kidem zel uh hi. Tua kidemna-ah na zo uh a hih manin, Piancitte in lamdang
sa-in a pahtawina uh Lian Zakham in a nuai abangin la na phuak hi.

*(a) **Piantui a zal mi zatam te’n, kua’ vontawi bel hiam ci e,*

*(b) **Kua’ vontawi ci’n khau bang sut ing, puvon ngo sal bang lange,*

**Hih bangin ihpu ihpate ahunhun amunmunah, midangte’ sangin a hatnate uh na
lakkhia uh a, mite’ zahtak leh pahtwi-in na om uh hi. Bikot campah a om
sungun, England galkap suah theih nadingin British Parliament-ah ngen uh a,
England Kumpi in ih pu ihpate, galhan dan, galsiam dan thei khin uh a hih
manun, piak dingin thu zasak uh hi. Tua hun laitakin Tonzaangte Khup Zadal
in, kampau khialhna khat tawh kimanin, a suahtak khit ciangin buksau natna
khat tawh si hi. Tua pa pen England galkapte in thupi takin zahtakna tak
tawh vui uh hi. 1917 December kha-in, England Prime Minister leh galkap
maang pawl khatte Brazil camp-ah pai uh a, Tonzaangte Gin vum leh a lawmte
pawl khat in, zahtakna na pialo kha uh a hih manin kha 3 sung thong kiasak
hi.

*2. London paina:*

Brazil campa na semte khen 78, pha uh a, tua sung panin No. 61 leh No. 62,
Labour corpte’ hanciamna leh nasep siamna minthang mahmah a hih manin, Kumpi
King george V. in, “Ki mu nuam ing,” ci a hih manin, a kimu dingin corp 2
sung panin ki teng khia uh hi. Tuate Kumpipa tawh kimu dingin, 1918 Marc ni
9 ni-in ding khia-in, ni 10,ni-in, Boulogue khua pan Tembaw tawh English
Channel kantanin pai uh a, nitak nai 4-in England Tembaw khawlna tung uh hi..
Tua panin Meileng tawh pai-in, nitak nai 9-in London meileng khawlna tung uh
hi. Tua lai-ah Uliante in na dawn uh a, Indiate’ tunna inn khat (9th Floor)
tung sak uh hi.

Tua inn deipi sungah Prime Minister leh Minister dangte in na muak uh hi.
Zingsang nai 11, ciangin kumpipa tawh kimu ding leh, galkap puan silh ding
vaikhak uh a, khut kilenin kikhen uh hi. England Kumpi in a khangkhangin
atenna Buckingham place-ah Kumpi King george v. tawh kimu ding a pai teng:-

1. Mawlaik Deputy Commissioner F.O. Fowler

2. Subidar Mangpum
( Khuasak )

3. Interpreter Thawng Zakai
(Muizawl )

4. Company Commender.Songtheu
(Tualzaang )

5. Interpreter.Thuampau
(Khawsak )

6. Company Commander. Vungh Zakham
(Tonzaang )

7. Company commander. Kam Zanang
(Tuipi )

8. Company Commander. Hau Zanang
(Heilei )

9. Platoon Comander. Hang Khawcin
(Tuitawh )

10. Platoon Commander. Thiaukam
(Kaptel )

11. Sergeant. Vialzen
(Vangteh )

*3. Kumpipa tawh kimuhna:*

1918 March 11 zingsang nai 8,-in,Uliante in a zintunna uh panin Motor tawh
la-in Kumpipa tawh Kumpipa’ innah paipih uh hi. Khamtawh kizut a sau mahmah
Saha 4 leh sailu 2 a kisuanna Kumpipa’ zin dona inn dei sungah kigualin,
Kumpipa’ hong pai ding ngak uh hi. Zingsang nai 9-in Kumpipa a galkap puan
tawh kizemin huihluai tawh hong tuak sukin, 3 vei zahtakna a piak khit uh
ciangin khut kilenin a nuai a bangin kumpipa in thu hong gen hi.

*4. Kumpipa’ thu gente:*

*“*Hih zahtak a agamla, Zo gam Tedim panin, gal huh ding a hong pai Labour
corp 61 leh 62 sung panin, galmai nasepna khempeuhah deihsakna tak tawh,
hanciamin paubanna omlo-in, hoihtakin zo cih ka za hi. Ka lungdamna bangmah
tawh kiteh theilo-in ka lungdam hi. Leitung hunah, England Kumpi’ thu neihna
a bei matengin, England mi khat ka om lai tengun,
Zomi<http://vaphual.net/category/zomi/>,
Tedim mi peuhmah gilkial dangtakin hong puksisak lo ding hi ung. Na
gentheihna mun khempeuh vuah England Kumpi in hongkem ding hi ung.” Ci-in
thu a gen khit ciangin, “Note tawh sau veipi ka om nop hangin, ka nasepna
tamin hun ngahlo ka hihmanin, ka dah mahmah hi. London khua-ah na om sungun,
na lamdang tuamtuamte Ministerte in hong lak kawikawi ding hi,” ci-in thu a
gen khit ciangin, khut kilenin kikhen uh hi.

Tua khit ciangin Zo mi Tedim mite, Kumpipa lim kisuanna inn dei sungah, man
(Photo) kizaih uh hi. Minister khat in makaihin kumpipa’ inn sung panin
nidang lai a, mawhnei kumpi Nu’ kithahna nalamdang tuamtuamte etpih kawikawi
hi. Kumpipa inn tai 2 huam bang zai hi. Inn tungah dial mun 16-ah kikhai a,
Nidang lai London khua meikatna leh, zinlinna te lim sungah ensak uh hi.
Kumpi inn sungah naupang kum 12 gual a pha mi 150-te in, Kumpipa’ lungnopna
dingin, nisimin Benkhaza (Music) tumin lam zel uh hi, ci-in ki gen hi.

1918 March 12, ni-in Parliament kikhopna-ah kahsak uh hi. A pai ma-un
Kumpipa Zum khan vel masa uh hi. Parliament kikhopna inn sung a lut uh
ciangun, mipite in zahtakna pia-in ding uh hi. Kikhopna a man uh ciangin,
Kawlgam Governorpa in, a innah moh leh niangtui tawh vak hi. Tua lai a
nasep sin Kawl mi 13-te tawh, kiho khawmin nitak ciangin Cenima etpih uh hi..
1918 march 13, zingsang an nek khit ciangin, ganhing khawina (Zoo) en uh
hi. A ciah uh ciangin Whiter leh whiteson companyte in, Singgahtui tawh vak
hi.

1918 March14 ni-in, England Kumpi a sem ngei khempeuh leh, vaihawm ulian
khempeuhte’ laizangah, Kumpi King george V. 4-te’ innkuan lim omna etpih uh
hi. Tua mun a cing galkap khat, Songtheu in milim sa-in a khamul a lawnsak
kha hi. Tua lai pen milim lah mihing kisa, mihing lah milim kisa thei hi,
ci-in gen uh hi. Nitak lam ciangin, Kham leh ngun ki bawlna sik namkim leh
van tuamtaum kibawlna munte en uh hi. 1918 March 15 nitak an nek khit
ciangin, London khua nawl a om vanleng bawlna mun etpih uh hi.

1918 march 16 ni-in India Governorpa in an vak a, An a nek khit uh ciangin
Roll company leh Whiteson Companyte in sam leuleu uh hi. Nek theih dawntheih
tuamtuam tawh zindo uh hi. Roll Company inntung a sang pen munah, bawlung
tualpi om a, tua panin London khua sung kimu thei hi. Roll Company inn
laizangah inn tung leh inntual kikal, khuampi khat om a, a kim kot mel
tuamtuam nei singpek tawh kizem hi. Sabuai bangin ki umcip hi. Tua khuam pen
a tawntungin kipei den a, van leite in khuam kipei den tunga sabuai sungah
sum khia leh vante a mau’ gei sabuai-ah hong pai lel hi, ci-in gen uh hi.
Lampi gei vanzuaknate-ah, a van man zah ding sum kikhia-in, Switch ki mek
leh a leinop van pusuak hi. 1918 March 20 ni-in ciah kik ding gelna a om
hangin, Germany galkap a kiman tul 300-te puakna-in Tembaw teng kizang ahih
manin, ciah theilo uh hi.

1918 March 22, ni-in London pan ciahkhia-in, Brazil camp a tun uh ciangin,
England galkap lut theihna ding lai tunga, galkap a suak nuamte galkap dan
sin dingin Lyons camp-ah kisuan uh hi. Tuate pai khiat ni zanin, thautang
koihna innpi bomb in kha a, tua munah ki om ngam nawnlo-in mundangah kitai
hi. Galtaina mun panin, England galkap a suak nuam lote inn lamah ciahsak
hi. England galkap suak a, Lyons camp a galkap sinte a nuai abangin za kipia
hi:-

1.Capt F.O Fowler – Colonel

2. Gordon – Lt. Colonel

3. Warald – Major

4. Ohtakhin -Captain

5. Thawng Zakai -Captain -Muizawl

6. Thuampau – Captain -Khuasak

7.Vung Zakham – Leutanant -Tonzaang

8. Songtheu – Leutanant – Kaptel

9. Kam Zamang – Lieutanant -Tuipi

10. Kimvungh -Lieutanant – Lamzaang

11. Do Cinlian -Lieutanant – Haupi

12. Cinkhai -2nd,Lieutanant -Tuitum

13. Lian Zathang -Lieutanant – Laitui

14. Pau Cinlian -Lieutanant – Gamngai

15. Pau Zacin -Subidar – Suangzaang

Atung a bangin za tuamtuamte a piak banah, Sergeant, Corporal akipan za
tuamtuam a ngah tampi ki om hi. Tuate Lyons camp-ah nipi 3 sung galkap dan
a sin sak laitakin Zo gam panin laikhak ki ngah a, Kuki Thahdo leh Hakha gal
kisimna hangin lo ki kho theilo cih thu a zak ciangun, Zo gam ciah kik ding
a khuan ngen uh a, 1918 July kha-in hong ciahin August kha-in Tedim hong
tung uh hi. Piancit gamah *Kum khat leh kha 6* sung na sem uh a, galmai leh
natna tawh hong sihsante longal, Mangkaang Kumpi in minphatna *PAHTAWINA LAI
* (Certificate) khat ciat pia uh hi.

*CERTIFICATE*

*This is Certificate is given to ——————-who enrolled voluntarily as a mate
in the Burma labour Corp and worked in france for the British Government
during the great war. He worked loyally and well in all; weather by night as
well as by day and every advance and often dangerous condition and willingly
and cheerfully bare his share of the burdens of the day. This fact should
ever be remembered to his credit by those who have any dealings with him and
may all officials deal with him and his family in the liberal for him on
which the place his service at the disposed of the empire in its hour of
stress may he and his family never be forgotten*.

Sd/-

F.O Fowler (Capt)

Burma Commission

Piancit pai Labour Corps a nasemte lungzuan khuangaihna tuamtuam kawm kalah
mi 23 te in hong nusia uh hi. *Tuate in*:-

1. Ngulngin 4. 10 .1917

2. Thangeng 25. 12. 1917

3. Tutlangh 29. 10. 1917

4. Tuangpum 9. 12. 1917

5. Vialdam 9. 12. 1917

6. Ginneng 31. 10. 1917

7. Vumdai 26. 10. 1917

8. Kamang 28. 10. 1017

9. Ngokam 9. 10. 1917

10. Tualkim 4. 9. 1917

11. Lunkap 7. 12. 1917

12. Khoigin 6. 6. 1017

13. Khup Zadal 15. 10. 1917

14. Lang Zakhen 12. 2. 1917

*PIANCIT PAINA THU (1917-1918)*

Leitung galpi khatna 1914 Kumin piang a, tua gal kidona-ah Englandte tampi
si-in Kham dangka Pound 900 Million val bei hi. England leh France kipawlin,
France gamah a kisim laitakun Englandte in amau’ huhna gam tengah huhna mah
ngen kawikawi uh hi. Tua hunin Ih Kawl gam England Kumpi in hong uk khin a
hih manin, Kawl gamah zong huhna hong ngen kik uh hi. Sukte gam, Kamhau’
gam, Sihzaang’ gam tengah huhna ngen dingin Mawlaik panin Deputy
Commissioner D.D.F.O.Lowler 1917 January nipi masa sungin Tedim hong tung
hi. Hih Ukpi 3 sung tengah ki kaikhawmin, gal huh ding gen hi. Amasa-in
Ukpite in nanial uh hi. A hi zongin F.O Lowler in, 1891 June 23, ni a
Thangpi a kibawl, kiciamna bulphuhin huhna hong nget ciangin, Ukpite in
nanial ngam nawnlo uh hi. Hau Cinkhup makai-in Ukpite in amau’ uk sung
ciatah mi kaihkhop sakin, Sukte gam panin mi 250, Kamhau’ gam panin, mi 700,
Sihzaang gam panin, mi 83, a gawm mi 1033 ngah sak uh hi. A kingen zah
sangin a tam zaw ngah sak uh hi.

[image: biakinn]

Gal huh ding a apai mite Tedimah kha 3 sung nasep sinsak phot uh hi. Kha 3
sung a man khit uh ciangin inn lamah kha lang sung ciah khuan pia uh hi.
1917 May 15 ni-in gal huh ding mi 1033-te Tedimah kituah uh a, France gal
mai a na sem dingin, Tedim khua panin anuai a bangin pai uh hi.

1917 May 27 Zingsang nai 10:00 Tedim panin Dimlo-ah giak uh hi. 1917May
28, Dimlo panin Thangpi-ah giak hi. 1917May 30, Tulsuk panin Kawlpi-ah giak
hi. 1917 May 31, Kawlpi panin Gunkhawm tunginGunkhawm pan in tum theih a
tuamtaum tawh na muak uh hi. 1917 June 1, Gunkhawm panin Tembaw tawh Myanyan
June ni 4 ni-in Tung uh a zan thum tam uh hi. 1917 June 8, Myanyan
panin Yangon tung uh hi. Sya Po tha in zing an nekpihin France pai ding
teng, zatep bu nih, Khakkhi puan ak khat tek, pheituam khat, puanak tungsilh
khat mainul khat leh sunsiah phel khat tek pia uh hi. 1917 June 9,
Zogam<http://vaphual.net/>panin a ki kha sukte tawh mangpha kikhakin,
Yangon pan Tembaw tawh ding khia
uh hi. 1917 June 13,Nitak nai 5:00 India Khuapi Culcutta tung uh a,
Kei-zaangte Khoigin a kam sung meima-inZato kahin Zato panin si hi. A
luang mei tawh hal ding deihlo uh a hih manin, Vung Zakham maikai-in Khuapi
tai 15 a ki gamlatna-ah vui uh hi. 1917June 24, Nitak nai 5:00 Culcutta pan
Meileng tawh Bombay pai hi. 1917June 28, Nitak nai 6:00-ah Bombay khua
tungin Zato-ah ki ensak uh a, khua vot thuak zolo mi 15 ciah sak uh
hi. 1917June
29, Nitak nai 3:00 Sente’ Tembaw tuangin Bombay pan ding khia uh hi.. Arabia
tuipi tungah ni 13 sung paisuak uh hi. 1917 July 14, Nitak nai 5:00-in Eden
huan tung uh a Inn sung
lutpah theilo uh hi..
Nai.7:00Pm, ciang lut thei. uh hi. 1917 July 17, Eden pan Tembaw ni 4 sung
pai uh a, Izipt gam Suez canal zuan uh hi. 1917 ni 21 ni-in, Suez tung uh a,
Tua kikal sehnel gam bekbek a hi hi. Suez canal pen Englandte’vanleng
phualpi hi a, a galvanlengte uh muhnop sa mahmah uh hi. 1917 July 26, Nitak
nai 6:00 Suez Khuapi panin Meileng tawh pai uh hi 1917 July 27, Zingsang
8:00 Egypt gam Alexandria khuapi tung uh a, nitak lamin Tembaw tawh
paisuakin Italy gam Toronto khuapi tungin nisat mahmah na mun hi a, amau’
suan tawm singkung bek po hi. Sing ham mahmah hi. Tui nisa-ah lumsak masa-in
tua khit ciangin meitungah suang pan uh hi. Sing kung tungah Toktol tam
mahmah ahih manin, Toktol khua ci-in ciamteh uh hi. 1917August ni 6
ni-in Toronto
khua panin meileng tawh ni 8 sung pai-in, Moh leh niantui bekbek tawh vakin
nuamsa mahmah uh hi. 1917August14 ni France Khuapi Marselles a tun uh
ciangin, Khasum Rs. 50/- Oversea Allowvance Rs. 100/- sang sak uh hi. Sukte
leh Sihzaang mi teng, No.61 Labour Corp min pia-in, Kamhau’ mi No. 62 Labour
Corp min pia a, Capt, Rund-all in uk hi. 1917 Aug 24, Marselles khua panin
meileng tawh ding ding khia kikin, England leh Germanyte’ kikapna mun Bikot
camp 1917 August 27 ni-in tung uh hi. Tua lai-ah nasep laitakin, Tonzaangte
Neng Zalang in khutlet bomb khat puakkhamsak kha a hih manin, mi 6 liamin
tuate Zato pension kipia hi.

Bikot camp panin Brazil-ah ki tuah kik uh a, tua campah a om sungun sun leh
zanin thauging bekbek kawlmim kanpuak ging bangin tai 100 huam sung,
thautang san ziahzuah ci-in lim gen mahmah uh hi. Piancit paite pen galkap
hilo-in vansiate khawmtuah, galte’ zat ding thauvui thautang annek tui dawn,
a suah a sang leh a kisam bangbang asem uh a hi hi. Tua bangin a lauhuai
galmai samai-ah lungleng khuangai-in a om sungun, a ki hehnepna-un,
Alexandria khua a a om sung vua, Gualkhate tawh tuipek a kidemna uh khawng,
Arabia tuipi tung a nawk lai vua, amuh uh ngasa inn ciacia a phate kikumin
holim mahmah uh hi.

Alexandria a om sungun Gualkhate tawh tuipek kidem uh a, Gualkha galkap 9,
Zato kipuak a hih manin, tuipek ding kikham hi. Arabia tuipi kantanin, tui
hualte nasia lua mahmah ahih manin, Motor kham bangin khamin an ne zolo tui
dawn zolo-in a om laitakun inn ciacia, saipi ciacia a pha ngasa (Whale) gual
khat ciangin tul val bang a pha ding tai 2 sung bang, nisuahna pan nitumna
lam manawhin a tai hanhan ngasa a muh uh ciangin lamdang sa-in muhnop sa
mahmah uh hi.

Bikot khua a om lai-un ana seppih uh midangte tawh, lungnop nadingin bawlung
kidem zel uh hi. Tua kidemna-ah na zo uh a hih manin, Piancitte in lamdang
sa-in a pahtawina uh Lian Zakham in a nuai abangin la na phuak hi.

*(a) **Piantui a zal mi zatam te’n, kua’ vontawi bel hiam ci e,*

*(b) **Kua’ vontawi ci’n khau bang sut ing, puvon ngo sal bang lange,*

**Hih bangin ihpu ihpate ahunhun amunmunah, midangte’ sangin a hatnate uh na
lakkhia uh a, mite’ zahtak leh pahtwi-in na om uh hi. Bikot campah a om
sungun, England galkap suah theih nadingin British Parliament-ah ngen uh a,
England Kumpi in ih pu ihpate, galhan dan, galsiam dan thei khin uh a hih
manun, piak dingin thu zasak uh hi. Tua hun laitakin Tonzaangte Khup Zadal
in, kampau khialhna khat tawh kimanin, a suahtak khit ciangin buksau natna
khat tawh si hi. Tua pa pen England galkapte in thupi takin zahtakna tak
tawh vui uh hi. 1917 December kha-in, England Prime Minister leh galkap
maang pawl khatte Brazil camp-ah pai uh a, Tonzaangte Gin vum leh a lawmte
pawl khat in, zahtakna na pialo kha uh a hih manin kha 3 sung thong kiasak
hi.

*2. London paina:*

Brazil campa na semte khen 78, pha uh a, tua sung panin No. 61 leh No. 62,
Labour corpte’ hanciamna leh nasep siamna minthang mahmah a hih manin, Kumpi
King george V. in, “Ki mu nuam ing,” ci a hih manin, a kimu dingin corp 2
sung panin ki teng khia uh hi. Tuate Kumpipa tawh kimu dingin, 1918 Marc ni
9 ni-in ding khia-in, ni 10,ni-in, Boulogue khua pan Tembaw tawh English
Channel kantanin pai uh a, nitak nai 4-in England Tembaw khawlna tung uh hi..
Tua panin Meileng tawh pai-in, nitak nai 9-in London meileng khawlna tung uh
hi. Tua lai-ah Uliante in na dawn uh a, Indiate’ tunna inn khat (9th Floor)
tung sak uh hi.

Tua inn deipi sungah Prime Minister leh Minister dangte in na muak uh hi.
Zingsang nai 11, ciangin kumpipa tawh kimu ding leh, galkap puan silh ding
vaikhak uh a, khut kilenin kikhen uh hi. England Kumpi in a khangkhangin
atenna Buckingham place-ah Kumpi King george v. tawh kimu ding a pai teng:-

1. Mawlaik Deputy Commissioner F.O. Fowler

2. Subidar Mangpum
( Khuasak )

3. Interpreter Thawng Zakai
(Muizawl )

4. Company Commender.Songtheu
(Tualzaang )

5. Interpreter.Thuampau
(Khawsak )

6. Company Commander. Vungh Zakham
(Tonzaang )

7. Company commander. Kam Zanang
(Tuipi )

8. Company Commander. Hau Zanang
(Heilei )

9. Platoon Comander. Hang Khawcin
(Tuitawh )

10. Platoon Commander. Thiaukam
(Kaptel )

11. Sergeant. Vialzen
(Vangteh )

*3. Kumpipa tawh kimuhna:*

1918 March 11 zingsang nai 8,-in,Uliante in a zintunna uh panin Motor tawh
la-in Kumpipa tawh Kumpipa’ innah paipih uh hi. Khamtawh kizut a sau mahmah
Saha 4 leh sailu 2 a kisuanna Kumpipa’ zin dona inn dei sungah kigualin,
Kumpipa’ hong pai ding ngak uh hi. Zingsang nai 9-in Kumpipa a galkap puan
tawh kizemin huihluai tawh hong tuak sukin, 3 vei zahtakna a piak khit uh
ciangin khut kilenin a nuai a bangin kumpipa in thu hong gen hi.

*4. Kumpipa’ thu gente:*

*“*Hih zahtak a agamla, Zo gam Tedim panin, gal huh ding a hong pai Labour
corp 61 leh 62 sung panin, galmai nasepna khempeuhah deihsakna tak tawh,
hanciamin paubanna omlo-in, hoihtakin zo cih ka za hi. Ka lungdamna bangmah
tawh kiteh theilo-in ka lungdam hi. Leitung hunah, England Kumpi’ thu neihna
a bei matengin, England mi khat ka om lai tengun,
Zomi<http://vaphual.net/category/zomi/>,
Tedim mi peuhmah gilkial dangtakin hong puksisak lo ding hi ung. Na
gentheihna mun khempeuh vuah England Kumpi in hongkem ding hi ung.” Ci-in
thu a gen khit ciangin, “Note tawh sau veipi ka om nop hangin, ka nasepna
tamin hun ngahlo ka hihmanin, ka dah mahmah hi. London khua-ah na om sungun,
na lamdang tuamtuamte Ministerte in hong lak kawikawi ding hi,” ci-in thu a
gen khit ciangin, khut kilenin kikhen uh hi.

Tua khit ciangin Zo mi Tedim mite, Kumpipa lim kisuanna inn dei sungah, man
(Photo) kizaih uh hi. Minister khat in makaihin kumpipa’ inn sung panin
nidang lai a, mawhnei kumpi Nu’ kithahna nalamdang tuamtuamte etpih kawikawi
hi. Kumpipa inn tai 2 huam bang zai hi. Inn tungah dial mun 16-ah kikhai a,
Nidang lai London khua meikatna leh, zinlinna te lim sungah ensak uh hi.
Kumpi inn sungah naupang kum 12 gual a pha mi 150-te in, Kumpipa’ lungnopna
dingin, nisimin Benkhaza (Music) tumin lam zel uh hi, ci-in ki gen hi.

1918 March 12, ni-in Parliament kikhopna-ah kahsak uh hi. A pai ma-un
Kumpipa Zum khan vel masa uh hi. Parliament kikhopna inn sung a lut uh
ciangun, mipite in zahtakna pia-in ding uh hi. Kikhopna a man uh ciangin,
Kawlgam Governorpa in, a innah moh leh niangtui tawh vak hi. Tua lai a
nasep sin Kawl mi 13-te tawh, kiho khawmin nitak ciangin Cenima etpih uh hi..
1918 march 13, zingsang an nek khit ciangin, ganhing khawina (Zoo) en uh
hi. A ciah uh ciangin Whiter leh whiteson companyte in, Singgahtui tawh vak
hi.

1918 March14 ni-in, England Kumpi a sem ngei khempeuh leh, vaihawm ulian
khempeuhte’ laizangah, Kumpi King george V. 4-te’ innkuan lim omna etpih uh
hi. Tua mun a cing galkap khat, Songtheu in milim sa-in a khamul a lawnsak
kha hi. Tua lai pen milim lah mihing kisa, mihing lah milim kisa thei hi,
ci-in gen uh hi. Nitak lam ciangin, Kham leh ngun ki bawlna sik namkim leh
van tuamtaum kibawlna munte en uh hi. 1918 March 15 nitak an nek khit
ciangin, London khua nawl a om vanleng bawlna mun etpih uh hi.

1918 march 16 ni-in India Governorpa in an vak a, An a nek khit uh ciangin
Roll company leh Whiteson Companyte in sam leuleu uh hi. Nek theih dawntheih
tuamtuam tawh zindo uh hi. Roll Company inntung a sang pen munah, bawlung
tualpi om a, tua panin London khua sung kimu thei hi. Roll Company inn
laizangah inn tung leh inntual kikal, khuampi khat om a, a kim kot mel
tuamtuam nei singpek tawh kizem hi. Sabuai bangin ki umcip hi. Tua khuam pen
a tawntungin kipei den a, van leite in khuam kipei den tunga sabuai sungah
sum khia leh vante a mau’ gei sabuai-ah hong pai lel hi, ci-in gen uh hi.
Lampi gei vanzuaknate-ah, a van man zah ding sum kikhia-in, Switch ki mek
leh a leinop van pusuak hi. 1918 March 20 ni-in ciah kik ding gelna a om
hangin, Germany galkap a kiman tul 300-te puakna-in Tembaw teng kizang ahih
manin, ciah theilo uh hi.

1918 March 22, ni-in London pan ciahkhia-in, Brazil camp a tun uh ciangin,
England galkap lut theihna ding lai tunga, galkap a suak nuamte galkap dan
sin dingin Lyons camp-ah kisuan uh hi. Tuate pai khiat ni zanin, thautang
koihna innpi bomb in kha a, tua munah ki om ngam nawnlo-in mundangah kitai
hi. Galtaina mun panin, England galkap a suak nuam lote inn lamah ciahsak
hi. England galkap suak a, Lyons camp a galkap sinte a nuai abangin za kipia
hi:-

1.Capt F.O Fowler – Colonel

2. Gordon – Lt. Colonel

3. Warald – Major

4. Ohtakhin -Captain

5. Thawng Zakai -Captain -Muizawl

6. Thuampau – Captain -Khuasak

7.Vung Zakham – Leutanant -Tonzaang

8. Songtheu – Leutanant – Kaptel

9. Kam Zamang – Lieutanant -Tuipi

10. Kimvungh -Lieutanant – Lamzaang

11. Do Cinlian -Lieutanant – Haupi

12. Cinkhai -2nd,Lieutanant -Tuitum

13. Lian Zathang -Lieutanant – Laitui

14. Pau Cinlian -Lieutanant – Gamngai

15. Pau Zacin -Subidar – Suangzaang

Atung a bangin za tuamtuamte a piak banah, Sergeant, Corporal akipan za
tuamtuam a ngah tampi ki om hi. Tuate Lyons camp-ah nipi 3 sung galkap dan
a sin sak laitakin Zo gam panin laikhak ki ngah a, Kuki Thahdo leh Hakha gal
kisimna hangin lo ki kho theilo cih thu a zak ciangun, Zo gam ciah kik ding
a khuan ngen uh a, 1918 July kha-in hong ciahin August kha-in Tedim hong
tung uh hi. Piancit gamah *Kum khat leh kha 6* sung na sem uh a, galmai leh
natna tawh hong sihsante longal, Mangkaang Kumpi in minphatna *PAHTAWINA LAI
* (Certificate) khat ciat pia uh hi.

*CERTIFICATE*

*This is Certificate is given to ——————-who enrolled voluntarily as a mate
in the Burma labour Corp and worked in france for the British Government
during the great war. He worked loyally and well in all; weather by night as
well as by day and every advance and often dangerous condition and willingly
and cheerfully bare his share of the burdens of the day. This fact should
ever be remembered to his credit by those who have any dealings with him and
may all officials deal with him and his family in the liberal for him on
which the place his service at the disposed of the empire in its hour of
stress may he and his family never be forgotten*.

Sd/-

F.O Fowler (Capt)

Burma Commission

Piancit pai Labour Corps a nasemte lungzuan khuangaihna tuamtuam kawm kalah
mi 23 te in hong nusia uh hi. *Tuate in*:-

1. Ngulngin 4. 10 .1917

2. Thangeng 25. 12. 1917

3. Tutlangh 29. 10. 1917

4. Tuangpum 9. 12. 1917

5. Vialdam 9. 12. 1917

6. Ginneng 31. 10. 1917

7. Vumdai 26. 10. 1917

8. Kamang 28. 10. 1017

9. Ngokam 9. 10. 1917

10. Tualkim 4. 9. 1917

11. Lunkap 7. 12. 1917

12. Khoigin 6. 6. 1017

13. Khup Zadal 15. 10. 1917

14. Lang Zakhen 12. 2. 1917

15. Suanthawng 29. 1. 1918

16. Zuanpum 28. 12. 1918

17. Ngindam 7. 3. 1918

18. Siatlut 9. 3. 1918

19. Kamngul 27. 4. 1918

20. Paupum 29. 1. 1918

21. Sonneng 7. 11. 1918

22. Kaingin 23. 10. 1918

23. Maha peng 21. 12. 1918

Hih atung a asite Piancit gam galpi masa (1st World war) hun sung a, a site’
hanah kivui-in, hancingte in limtakin cing uh hi, ci-in ki gen hi.

15. Suanthawng 29. 1. 1918

16. Zuanpum 28. 12. 1918

17. Ngindam 7. 3. 1918

18. Siatlut 9. 3. 1918

19. Kamngul 27. 4. 1918

20. Paupum 29. 1. 1918

21. Sonneng 7. 11. 1918

22. Kaingin 23. 10. 1918

23. Maha peng 21. 12. 1918

Hih atung a asite Piancit gam galpi masa (1st World war) hun sung a, a site’
hanah kivui-in, hancingte in limtakin cing uh hi, ci-in ki gen hi.

Thursday, September 1, 2011

body

Email Kum 29 Cingta

Email (electronic mail), internet tungtawna lai kikhakna August 30, 2011 niin kum 29 cingta hi. Mailam ah kilim zat semsem lai dingin kilamen hi.

"EMAIL" cih zat ding cih a genna panin ni 30 August 1982 kum in Dr. V. A. Shiva Ayyadurai pen zatphalna a neipa, ahih kei leh (Zomi te tel baih dingin) a founder in kiciamteh hi. A kisiamsak pawlkhat in EMAIL cih leltak pen 'kum 2000 zawh ciang kizang nawn ke'nteh' na ci vial uh hi. Ahi zongin mailam ah kilim zat semsem lai dingin hi kicita hi.

Email kilim zat saan ding: Kum 2000 kumin PC Week thukizakna ah Email pen sawt kizang nawnlo ding hi ci in gelh uh hi. Facebook bawlpa Mark Zuckerberg in zong Email cih pen sawt kizang nawnlo ding hi ciin gen ngei hi. Ahi zongin tuni dongah email kizanglua kisa a omlo in ki-om theilo hi. Amau ngaihsutna ah bel online in thukizakna om peuh leh email pen kizang nawnlo ding hi aci uh hi a, ahi zongin kuamah in tawpsan nai tuanlo uh hi. A zang tam semsem zaw a, computer pan a en bek hilo in mobole phone pan zong ki-enthei ahih manin a zatna tamsemsem hi. Mi tampi in computer panin online tawh kiho, pawlkhat mobile phone pan thu kikhak ziauziau in om mah le uh tuate in email kizatna khek zo nai tuanlo hi; banghang hiam cih leh email pen thu leh la kikhakna kiciantak, laimal hoihtak kigual thei ahih man hi ci hi. FB bawlpa in hunkhat laiin, 'email is dead' acih ngei hangin tu hun ciangin @facebook cih pen limtak puahtoh a email khakna zat nuam pen Gmail sanga nasia zaw a laptoh a sawmlai hizaw hi.

Laidal tawh laikhak kiam ding: Shiva in kum 14 a phak, 1978 kum peka kipan EMAIL tawh kisai nasep University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ) ah na kipan khin hi. Amah pen scientist-technologist, inventor and educator ahi hi. "Ka ngaihsutna ah kammal nih 'Electronic' leh 'Email' cihte in laidal tektek kikhaka thu i kikhakna pen hong bei ding hi cih upmawhna ka nei hi," ci hi. Hih electronic vante tungtawn in lai kikhak thei dinga, laidal tektek kikhak hun hong bei ding hi cih upna pen Star Trek a etna pan a ngah ngaihsutna ahi hi.

1978 kumin UMDNJ adingin electronic zanga laidal tungah laimal gelhzia na pan khinta hi. Tua lak ah hih a nuaia te bangci zat ding cih zong kihel hi:- "To:", "From:", "Date:", "Subject:", "Cc:", "Bcc:", and "Attachment." Cc cih ciangin carbon copy cihna hi a, office ah laiatte in lai a at uh ciangin laidal kang nuaiah laivom phah in a nuai ah laidal kang mah a phah kik bang hi. Tua bangn ngaihsutsiamna pen 1978 a dingin thuthak ahi hi. Tua zawh kum thum sung pen Electronic MAIL gelh theih ding zia ka sin hi ci hi.

Pahtawina Kipia: Tua nasep hangin 1981 kumin Westinghouse Science Award (Pahtawina) kipia hi. Tua ni panin copyright ngen pah a, ngahpah hi. "Kuamah in hong sawl hilo, keima lunglut in ka zon tawm hi. Laisimna ah a kisam khat banga ka sep hiphot a, mite etteh ding ci a laidal banga ka gelh hilel hi. Kum khat sungin ka zo thei a, Copyright zong ngahpah ka hih manin EMAIL cih pen mite zat theihdinga phalna a nei ka himawk hi. Tua pen 1982 kum hi," ciin lawptakin gen hi.

Hau Za Cin

Phuitong Liim

Message flagged

Wednesday, August 31, 2011 10:12 PM

Message body

Jamang Ngul Khan Pau:

Zomi Innkuan Singapore tawh hunzatna ah ama tangthu English a kigelh tomcik Zolai tawh kong teikhia hi.

Tu laitakin Colorado Springs, USA ah Development Associates International (DAI) office ah ama research "Zomi Diospora" thu a kan kawmin nasep huh hi. DAI ah nasep a huh kawm, ama research - gam 35 ah kithehthang Zomi te thu a kan kawmin Makaite Pattahzia Ding, Nupa Nuntak Nuam Neihna Ding, leh Nungzui Suahna Cingtaak cihte bangci sinsak ding cih a geelkhol hi (doing research and developing training materials for leadership, marriage enrichment and discipleship). A zi Sianu Lucy Engjadim tawh a kitenzawh kum 24 phata a, Topa thupha tapa nih Daniel Gin Sian Mung leh Toshi Thang Lian Mang nei uh hi.

Sia Paupu in evangelist kum guk sung Lamka gam Manipur ah sem masa a (1981-86), tua zawh ciang kum sawm sung Shillong khuapi ah sangnaupang pastor Students Chaplain semkik hi (1986-1996). Shillong ah sangnaupang pastor na a sep laitakin Council of Baptist Churches in North East India (CBCNEI) ah Associate General Secretary sem dingin kicial a (1996-1999), tua khit ciang General Secretary kum sawm a seksuak hi (1999-2009). Hih Tuiphum Pawlpi Kipawlna CBCNEI huamsungah biakinn 6000 val om a, milip million khat (teng 10) val pha hi. CBCNEI ah a sep sungin American Baptist Churches te Mission Conferences, Green Lake ah 2009, 2003 leh 2006 thugen in kicial hi. Kum 2004 Asian Baptist Federation Congress, Manila leh kum 2005 Baptist World Alliance kum 100 cin Pawi, Birmingham ah Bible Study makaih hi. Leitungbup Christian makaite kikhoppi Third Lausanne Congress in Cape Town (October 16-24, 2010) ah zong thugen ding khat in kiseh hi. Tua hun ah a thugen pen, Men and Women: A Powerful Team in Completing the Great Commission.

Laisimna lam ah Bachelor of Arts (History) 1981 kumin zo a, Bachelor of Divinity 1985 kumin Union Biblical Seminary, Pune pan zo kik a, Doctor of Missiology pen 1995 kumin Western Seminary, Portland, Oregon, USA pan zo kik hi. Christian makaite thusinpihna gam tuamtuam India, Myanmar, USA ah neihpih ngei a, India gamsung diakdiak ah thugen leh makai thusinna neihpih dingin kilimzat zaw kaan hi. India minam tuamtuam kikal buaina omna mun ah kilemna thugen dingin kizang kawikawi a, a kalsuanna peuh Topa in tonpih hi.

Laisim lunglut mahmah mi hi in ama inn ah laisimna inndei khat a nei nuam hamtang mi khat hi a; khangno leh maikai dinga pattahhuaite pattah leh Pasian nasem hunbit nasemte pattah banah pastor te tawh mapang khawma sepkhop, kikholhkhop a lunglut leh a hanciamna ahi hi.

[Jamang Ngul Khan Pau, is currently based in Colorado Springs and attached to Development Associates International office as part of his sabbatical program in doing research and developing training materials for leadership, marriage enrichment and discipleship. He is happily married to Lucy Engjadim for 24 years and they have two sons Daniel Gin Sian Mung and Toshi Thang Lian Mang.

Pau, worked for six years (1981-1986) as an itinerant evangelist in his native home state in Manipur, India, another ten years (1986-1996) as Student's Chaplain in Shillong, Meghalaya, India. He was invited by the Council of Baptist Churches in North East India to the position of Associate General Secretary (1996-1999) and then as General Secretary during 1999-2009. While serving in that position, Pau was invited as speaker in the Mission Conferences of the American Baptist Churches in Green Lake in 1999, 2000, 2003 and 2006. He was one of the Bible Studies leaders in the Asian Baptist Federation Congress in Manila in 2004 and in the Baptist World Alliance 100 years celebration in Birmingham in 2005. He was also one of the resource persons at the Third Lausanne Congress in Cape Town (October 16-24, 2010) in the Multiplex session, Men and Women: A Powerful Team in Completing the Great Commission.

Pau completed his Bachelor of Arts in 1981, Bachelor of Divinity at Union Biblical Seminary, Pune in 1985 and Doctor of Missiology at Western Seminary, Portland, Oregon in 1995. He is actively involved as a resource person in seminars for Christian leaders and marriage enrichment in different cities in India, Myanmar and the United States. He also participated in peace initiatives among the different ethnic conflicts in Assam and Manipur. His passion is reading, mentoring emerging leaders and coming alongside pastors who are serving the churches in North East India.]

Hau Za Cin

Phuitong Liim

Sunday, August 28, 2011

Steven Jobs က ဘယ္သူလဲ...

ယေန႕ေခတ္မွာ အရွိန္ျပင္းျပင္းနဲ႔ ေအာင္ျမင္ ေရပန္းစားေနတဲ့ Apple Inc. ရဲ႕ Chief Executive Officer ပဲေပါ့။ သူ႕ရဲ႕ဂုဏ္သတင္းေက်ာ္ၾကားမႈဟာ ဆန္းသစ္ တီထြင္တတ္ျခင္းနဲ႕ တီထြင္ဆန္းသစ္တဲ့ လုပ္ငန္းေတြကို ေအာင္ျမင္စြာ ဦးေဆာင္နိုင္ျခင္းေတြေၾကာင့္ပါပဲ။

Steven Jobs ကို ၁၉၅၅ ခုႏွစ္ ေဖေဖာ္၀ါရီ ၂၄ ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ကယ္လီဖုိးနီးယားျပည္နယ္ ဆန္ဖရန္စစ္(စ္)ကိုၿမိဳ႕ တြင္ ေမြးဖြားခဲ့ပါတယ္။ သူ႔ရဲ႕ ေမြးစားမိဘမ်ားကေတာ့ Paul နဲ႔ Clara Jobs တို႕ပဲ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ Jobs ဟာ ကံမေကာင္းစြာနဲ႔ပဲ မိဘအရင္းေတြနဲ႔ မေနခဲ့ရပါဘူး။ Jobs ရဲ႕ ေမြးအေမဟာ အိမ္ေထာင္မရွိေသးတဲ့ ဘြဲ႕လြန္ ေက်ာင္းသူတစ္ေယာက္ပါ။ ဒါေၾကာင့္လည္း Jobs ကို သူမ်ားကို
ေပးေမြးစားဖို႔ ဆံုးျဖတ္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ သာမန္ လက္ခံတာေတာ့မဟုတ္ပါဘူး။ သူ႕သားကို ပညာတတ္တစ္ေယာက္အျဖစ္ ျပဳစုပ်ိဳးေထာင္ေပးမယ့္၊ ယံုၾကည္ရမယ့္သူ လက္ထဲကိုသာ ေရြးၿပီး အပ္ခ်င္ခဲ့တာပါ။ အခု Jobs ကို ေမြးစားထားတဲ့ မိဘမ်ားဟာဆိုရင္ပညာေရးပိုင္းမွာ အေတာ္ေလး အားနည္းတာေၾကာင့္ အစပိုင္း Jobs ကို ေမြးစားရန္ေပးဖို႔ကိုေတာင္မွပဲ အခ်ိန္ေတာ္ေတာ္ၾကာစဥ္းစားခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ ေမြးစားမိဘေတြဘက္က collage ထားေပးပါ့
မယ္ဆိုတဲ့ ကတိကို အၾကိမ္ၾကိမ္ေပးေတာ့မွပဲ ေပးေမြးစားဖုိ႕ သေဘာတူေပးခဲ့ပါတယ္။

ေနာက္ ၁၇ ႏွစ္အၾကာမွာေတာ့ဟာ college ေက်ာင္း စ တက္ၿပီေပါ့။ ဒါေပမယ့္ သူဟာ လူငယ္သဘာ၀ ေကာင္းေပ့ဆိုတဲ့ စရိတ္ၾကီးလြန္းလွတဲ့ college ကိုမွ ေရြးမိလိုက္တယ္ဗ်။ သူေရြးလိုက္တဲ့ Reed College ရဲ႕ စရိတ္ကအေျခခံလူတန္းစားျဖစ္တဲ ့သူ ရဲ႕ေမြးစားမိဘမ်ားရဲ႕ တစ္ဘ၀လံုး စုထား ေဆာင္းထားတာေလးေတြ အကုန္သံုးရပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမယ့္ Jobs ဟာ ေျခာက္လၾကာတဲ့အခါမွာ စရိတ္ၾကီးလြန္းလွတဲ့အတြက္ အေပးသာမ်ားျပီး အယူနည္းေနတယ္လို႕ ထင္ခဲ့ျပီး ေက်ာင္းကထြက္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။

သူဟာ ေက်ာင္းကေန ထြက္ခဲ့တယ္ဆိုေပမယ့္ သူစိတ္၀င္စားတဲ့ ဘာသာရပ္ေတြကိုေတာ့ ေက်ာင္းမွာပဲ အခ်ိန္ပိုင္းအလိုက္ ဆက္လက္ဆည္းပူးခဲ့တယ္။ သူဟာ ေက်ာင္းကေန ထြက္လိုက္တဲ့အတြက္ အေဆာင္ေနစရာမရွိေတာ့ပါဘူး။ သူငယ္ခ်င္းေတြရဲ႕ အခန္းမွာ လိုက္ကပ္အိပ္ၿပီး ေနေရးကို ေျဖရွင္း ရပါတယ္။ တစ္ဖက္ကလည္း Coke ဗူးခြံေတြကို ျပန္အပ္လုိ႕ရတဲ့ ေငြ၅ဆင့္နဲ႕ဗိုက္ျဖည့္ရၿပီးစားေရးကို ေျဖရွင္းခဲ့ပါတယ္။ တနဂၤေႏြေန႔ညတိုင္း ခုႏွစ္မိုင္ေ၀းတဲ့ Hare Krishna ဟိႏၵဴဘုရားေက်ာင္းမွာ ထမင္းတစ္နပ္ အ၀သြားစားတယ္။

တစ္ခ်ိန္တည္းမွာပဲ Reed College မွာရွိတဲ့ စာလံုးအလွေရးနည္း (Calligraphy) သင္တန္းကို တက္ ေရာက္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ အဲဒီဘာသာရပ္ကို စနစ္တက် စိတ္ပါ၀င္စားစြာနဲ႕ ေလ့လာသင္ယူခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ဒီလို သင္ယူေနခ်ိန္မွာေတာ့ ဒီပညာရပ္ေတြကို ဘယ္လိုမ်ိဳး အသံုးခ်ရမယ္ဆိုတာ မသိေသးဘူးေပါ့ေလ။ ဒါေပမယ့္ ေနာင္ ၁၀ ႏွစ္အၾကာမွာ Macintosh ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမွာ စာလံုးအလွေရးနည္းသင္တန္းက ပညာေတြကို သူအသံုးျပဳခြင့္ရခဲ့ပါတယ္။ Jobs ဟာ ယခုနာမည္ၾကီးေနတဲ ့Apple ကို စတင္တည္ေထာင္ခဲ့တဲ့ေနရာကို မွန္းၾကည့္လုိက္ပါ။ ဘယ္ေနရာလုိ႕ ထင္ပါသလဲ။ သူ႔မိဘေတြရဲ႕ကားဂိုေဒါင္ထဲမွာ သူငယ္ခ်င္း Steve Woznik နဲ႔ စပ္တူစတင္ခဲ့တာ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အဲဒီအခ်ိန္တုန္းက Jobs ဟာ အသက္ႏွစ္ဆယ္ပဲ ရွိပါေသးတယ္။ သူတို႕ဘယ္ေလာက္အထိ ၾကိဳးစားခဲ့သလဲဆိုရင္ ကားဂိုေဒါင္မွာစခဲ့တဲ့ Apple ဟာ၁၀ ႏွစ္အတြင္းမွာပဲ ေဒၚလာ သန္းႏွစ္ေထာင္တန္ ၀န္ထမ္းအေယာက္ ေလးေထာင္ရွိတဲ့ company တစ္ခု ျဖစ္လာခဲ့ပါတယ္။

Jobs ရဲ႕ အေကာင္းဆံုး တီထြင္မႈျဖစ္တဲ့ Macintosh ကို ေစ်းကြက္တင္ၿပီးခ်ိန္မွာေတာ့ သူလည္း အသက္ ၃၀ ျပည့္ခါနီးျပီေပါ့။ ဒါေပမယ့္ Jobs ဟာ ကိုယ္ေထာင္ခဲ့တဲ့ ကုိယ္ပိုင္ Company ကေနျပီး ေမာင္းထုတ္ခံခဲ့ ရပါတယ္။ Company တစတစၾကီးပြားလာတာနဲ႕ အမွ်စီမံခန္႕ခြဲဖို႕အတြက္ကို လူသစ္ တစ္ေယာက္ကိုခန္႕ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ Pepsi မွာ လုပ္ခဲ့တဲ့ John Sculley ပါပဲ။ ပထမတစ္ႏွစ္ေလာက္ေတာ့ အဆင္ေျပေသးတယ္။ ေနာက္ပိုင္းက်ေတာ့ အေတြးအေခၚေတြက မတူေတာ့ဘူး။ အျငင္းပြားေတာ့ ဒါရိုက္တာအဖြဲ႕က Jobs ဘက္ကမရပ္တည္ပဲ Jobs ကို Company ကေနေမာင္းထုတ္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။Jobs ဟာ စိတ္ဓာတ္ေတြ က်ေနခဲ့တယ္။ အဲဒါက တစ္ခဏပါပဲ သူ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ အလုပ္ကို သံေယာဇဥ္ေတာ့ ရွိေနေသးတယ္။

အဲဒီ့ေနာက္ "NeXT Computer Company” ကို ထပ္မံတည္ေထာင္ခဲ့တယ္။ The Graphics Group (ေနာက္ Pixarအျဖစ္နာမည္ေျပာင္း ) ကိုလည္း ၀ယ္ယူခဲ့တယ္။ သူဟာ company အသစ္တည္ေထာင္ခ်ိန္မွာကၽြမ္းက်င္တဲ့ engineers ေတြနဲ႕ ေရာင္းခ်သူေတြကို Apple ကေနတစ္ပါတည္းေခၚထုတ္သြားပါတယ္။ အဲဒီ အတြက္လည္း Apple က သူ႕ကိုတရားစဲြပါတယ္။ ေဟာေျပာပြဲတစ္ခုမွာသူ႕ရဲ႕ဇနီးေလာင္း Laurene Powell နဲ႕ေတြ႕ဆံုၿပီး၁၉၉၁မွာ လက္ထပ္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ Steve Jobs က အျမင္လွဖုိ႕ကိုအထူးဂ႐ုစိုက္တဲ့အတြက္ NeXT computer ေတြက ေစ်းအရမ္းႀကီးခဲ့ပါတယ္။

ေနာက္ဆံုး ကြန္ပ်ဴတာေတြမေရာင္းရေတာ့တဲ့အတြက္ ဆက္မထုတ္ႏိုင္ေတာ့ဘဲ software company အျဖစ္ ရပ္တည္ရပါတယ္။ တစ္ခါ Pixar ကလည္း ဦးတည္ခ်က္ ေပ်ာက္ဆံုးေနပါတယ္။ Jobs က RenderMan လို႔ေခၚတဲ့ Advanced 3D Language ကို စတင္လုပ္ေဆာင္ ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ Jobs ဟာ သူလုပ္ခ်င္တဲ့ hardware Company ကို ျပန္ထူေထာင္ဖို႔ TV ေၾကာ္ျငာ လုပ္ငန္းေတြမွာ ပါ၀င္ျပီး အရင္းအန္ီး ရွာခဲ့ပါတယ္။ကံေကာင္းမႈ ေတြက Toy Story 3D ကာတြန္းကို ထုတ္လုပ္ရာကစခဲ့ပါတယ္။ကာတြန္းကိုထုတ္လုပ္ၿပီးရက္အနည္းငယ္ အတြင္းမွာပဲ Pixar ကိုေစ်းကြက္တစ္ဖန္ ျပန္တင္နိုင္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ယခုအခ်ိန္မွာေတာ့ Pixar ဟာကမာၻ႕အေအာင္ျမင္ဆံုး ကာတြန္း စတူဒီယို ျဖစ္ေနပါျပီ။ ၁၉၉၇မွာ Apple က Jobs ပိုင္တဲ ့ NeXTကို၀ယ္ယူ လိုက္ေတာ့ Jobs ဟာ သူခ်စ္တဲ ့ Apple ကို တစ္ဖန္ျပန္လည္၀င္ေရာက္ နို္င္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ NeXT မွာအသံုးျပဳတဲ့ Operating System က Apple ကိုျပန္လည္ ဆန္းသစ္ေစခဲ့တာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

Apple ကို ျပန္ေရာက္လာတဲ ့Jobs ဟာ Slogan အသစ္တစ္ခုကို စသံုးပါတယ္။ ဒါကေတာ ့”Think Different” ဆုိတာပဲျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ သူက iMac G3 နဲ႕ Power Book ေတြကို ေအာင္ျမင္စြာျဖန္႕ခ်ိႏိုင္ ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ အဲဒီေနာက္မွာေတာ့အသစ္ ျပန္လည္ ဆန္းသစ္ထားတဲ့ iMac ကို ထုတ္လုပ္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ iMac ေအာင္ျမင္ခဲ့တာက ဆန္းသစ္လွတဲ့ အေရာင္ေတြနဲ႕ ဒီဇိုင္းေတြေၾကာင့္ ပါပဲျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီလိုနဲ႕ သူကAppleရဲ႕ယိမ္းယိုင္ခဲ့ အေျခအေနကိုျပန္လည္တည့္မတ္ႏိုင္ခဲ့ျပီး Appleအတြက္ အေရးအႀကီးဆံုးလူ တစ္ေယာက္ျပန္ျဖစ္ လာပါတယ္။။

Software ဘက္မွာ Microsoft ကအရွင္သခင္ျဖစ္လာတဲ့ အခါမွာ သူကကိုင္ေဆာင္ရ လြယ္ကူျပီး ႐ုပ္ထြက္ ေသသပ္လွပတဲ့ ထိပ္တန္း animation နည္းပညာေတြ သံုးထားတဲ့ iPod, iPhone, iPad ေတြကို စတင္ထုတ္လုပ္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ လက္ေခ်ာင္းကေလးမ်ားျဖင့္ သဘာ၀အတုိင္းထိေတြ႕ အသံုးျပဳ ႏုိင္တဲ့အတြက္ တစ္ကမၻာလံုးက အံ့မခန္းဆန္းျပားတဲ့ လက္ဖ၀ါးစာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာငယ္ေလးေတြကို အလြန္ စိတ္၀င္စားလာပါတယ္။ Appleရဲ႕ အရွိန္အဟုန္ကို နွစ္ဆတိုး ေအာင္ျမင္ေစခဲ့ပါတယ္။ သူက Apple မွာ ထိပ္သီး designers, engineers, technicians နဲ႕ operation officers ေတြကို ေခၚယူ စုေဆာင္းခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ပိုျပီး အုပ္ခ်ဴပ္မႈကိုအားျဖည့္ႏိုင္ဖို႕ senior vice-president ေနရာမွာ လူ ၆ ေယာက္ကို ေခၚယူခဲ့ပါတယ္။Jobs ရဲ႕ ထူးျခားခ်က္ကေတာ့ ျပိဳင္ဘက္ company ေတြက software နဲ႔ operation system ေတြကို ထူးျခားေအာင္ ထုတ္လုပ္ေနၾကခ်ိန္မွာသူက design လွပမႈ နဲ႔ engineering ပညာရပ္ပိုင္းဆန္းသစ္မႈ ေတြကိုဦးစားေပးစဥ္းစားခဲ့ျခင္းပဲ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

Jobs ဟာ Company ကို စသည့္အဆင့္ဆင့္ အုပ္ခ်ဴပ္မႈ မဟုတ္ပဲအားလံုး တစ္ေျပးညီ တက္ညီလက္ညီ“Horizontal and flat” ေဆာင္႐ြက္ၾကျခင္းပင္ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ သူကိုယ္တိုင္ကလည္း ဒီဇိုင္းတစ္ခု၊ ကိရိယာတစ္ခုထုတ္လုပ္ခ်ိန္မွာ CEO တစ္ဦးဆိုၿပီးခန္ ့ခန္႔ႀကီးမေနပဲ ေအာက္ေျခသိမ္း စနစ္တက်ပါ၀င္ ေဆာင္႐ြက္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ဒီလိုအျပဴအမူေတြဟာ ေခါင္းေဆာင္ေကာင္း ေတြရဲ ့အရည္အခ်င္းေတြပဲျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ဆံုးျဖတ္ခ်က္တစ္ခု ခ်ေတာ့မယ္ဆိုရင္လည္း ရာထူးအဆင့္ဆင့္က ပညာရွင္ေတြအားလံုးနဲ႕ စဥ္းစားၿပီး ညီညာေသာ အေျဖတစ္ခု (general consensus)ကိုမွ Jobs က အေလးထားခဲ့ပါတယ္။ Jobs ဟာ တစ္ခ်ိန္က ေျပာၾကားခဲ့ပါတယ္။အဲဒီအတြက္လဲ Jobs ဘ၀မွာ သူအေကာင္းဆံုးကိုတတ္နိုင္သမွ် စိတ္ဓါတ္မက်ဘဲလုပ္ေဆာင္ခဲ ့ ပါတယ္။

Apple ရဲ႕ Structure ကို ေျပာရမယ္ဆိုရင္ ဦးေခါင္းနဲ ့အသည္းနွလံုးပဲရွိတဲစက္႐ံုႀကီးတစ္ခုလုိပါပဲ။ အဓိကျဖစ္ေသာတီထြင္မူေတြကို ဦးေခါင္းကေန ထုတ္လုပ္ခဲ့ျပီး သူေအာင္ျမင္မယ္လို ့ခံစားမိေသာ ယွဥ္တုစရာ မရွိေသာ လုပ္ငန္းေတြကိုပဲ ေဆာင္႐ြက္ခဲ့ေသာေၾကာင့္ ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒီလို ဦးေခါင္းႀကီးနဲ ့အသည္းႏွလံုးဆိုတဲ့ ခံစားမႈကို ဦးစားေပးတဲ့ စက္႐ံုၾကီးရဲ႕ ေလာင္စာ (innovation) တီထြင္ၾကံစနိုင္ျခင္းကေတာ့ အေရးပါဆံုး ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

Steve Jobs ဟာ ပန္ကရိယကင္ဆာကုိ ကုသေနရတဲ့အတြက္လုပ္ငန္းကေန မၾကာခဏ အနားယူေနရပါတယ္။ Steve Jobs မရွိေတာ့တဲ့အခါ Apple ရဲ႕ အနာဂတ္က ဘယ္လုိျဖစ္လာမလဲ။ Apple ရဲ႕ Innovation Engine ႀကီးကို ေမာင္းႏွင္ေနတဲ့ေခါင္းတဲြႀကီး ျပဳတ္သြားရင္ဆက္ၿပီးလည္ပတ္ႏိုင္ပါ့မလားလုိ႕ အားလံုးကေတြးပူေနၾကၿပီေလ။

Written by:

Hnaung Kay, Min Thiha &Swe Zaw Oo
Dip in Business Studies Students
Strategy First Institute
(Premuim Program)

Wednesday, August 24, 2011

Wi-Fi hawmkhiatna part A, B, C

Innsung, zum sung adingin Wi-Fi pen Wireless Router (or) Access Point te ki zangh thei hi. Tai tawh agamla ading Wi-Fi i hawmkhiat nop leh Router a Antenna te tawh ki ngah nawnlo ding hi. CPE - Antenna agol te zat hong kisam ta ding hi.

Wi-Fi i hawmkhiat main amasa in Wireless thu tawm beek theih huai masa ding hi. Wi-Fi gamla simsim ah hawm khia nuam i hih leh ol no takin ngaihsut ding khat ah Wireless Router a om Antenna te in pi 500' ciang bang bek kingah thei ahih manin
gamla pi a puak zo ding Antenna agol lei in Wireless Router tawh zop ding ngaihsun ding hi hang. Tua Antenna i lei ciangin Omini te, Directional te, dBi cih Science laimal te tawh pello phukha ta ding hi hang. Tua bek hiloin Outdoor Antenna leh Indoor Antenna cih te zong kilam dangh toto lai ding hi.

A tamzaw mi zat deuhdeuh te in TP-Link Outdoor Antenna ANT-2421D te en phot ding hi hang. A nuai a hong lak lim in ANT-2421D ahi hi.

Hih lim i et ciangin tong khat khawng ding kingaihsun thei hi. A taktak in din tan bang a sau ahi hi. Hih Antenna in Wireless Router tawh zom le hang i hawm khiat Wi-Fi Area gamla pi va tung zo ding hi.

A ma i Specification in anuai a bang ahi hi.

Specification ah adiakdiak in i et ding ah Gain ahi hi. Hih Antenna i Gain in 15 dBi ciang bang ki ngah hi. dBi i cih in decibel isotropic atom lak min ahi hi. decibel i cih in AW khat i a ngaihna, leh adaaihna te tehna unit khat kici thei hi. dBi Unit in Ominidirectional Antenna te ading atehna unit ahi hi. dBi aman tam semsem a line mat theihna, puak theihna mun leh mual zaii semsem cih bang dan ahi hi. A zenzen in kim leh paam a gamla ading Wi-Fi i hawm khiat nop leh dBi a man tawm Antenna te zat huai maw? A tam man Antenna zat huai zaw? A tam man dBi mah zat huai zaw cih ahi hi.

Lam khat leu2 ah dBi tawm man te zangh le hang agam latna tawh kisai zong hi pah tuan lo hi. dBi atam man te in gamla pi puakkhia zo, hawm khia zo cih theihna om pah tuan lo leuleu hi. A mat theihna, ahawm khiat, apuak khiat zawhna pen Beamwidth en aa khensat theih hi zaw hi. Hih Anttenna ah a Beamwidth in horizontal 360' (degree) kingah in, vertical in 9' (degree) bang kingah hi. Cih nopna ah Antenna i horizontal om zia zui in 360' (degree) kingah ahih manin amai leh anung pan man le hang nuamtak ki ngah ding cihna ahi hi. A hih hang Antenna i Vertical om zia zui in man le hang 9' (degree) sung ah ki manzo kingah zo ding cih na ahi hi.

Tua ahih manin hih Antenna in Omini Antenna kici hi. 360' (degree) sung man thei puak khia, hawm khia thei cihna ahi hi. ref:itmen Part B zop beh ding

Wi-Fi Hawmkhiatna Part B

Part A lai in Wi-Fi agam lapi tung ding na deih leh Wireless Router ahih kei leh Access Point leh Omini Antenna zat khop ding gelh khia hi hang. Tua te nih thuah in zang khawm ding hile hang koi ci thuah, buah ding cih te en to ni. Wireless Router ah Extermaø Antenna tawh zopna ding Connector aom kul hi. Antenna pan hong pai khia ding Cable khau pan aki bulh, zopna ding Connector in RP-SMA ahih kul hi. Tua RP-SMA in Wireless Router or Access Point i Connector pen direct in zom thei lo ahih man hi.

Wireless Router or Access Point in Connector pen Pigtail Cable tawh amasa in zop ding ahi hi. Zawh teh Pigtail Cable leh Antenna in Cable tawh zop sawn leu2 ding anuai a lim bang en in.

A tung a hong kilak lim bangin i zop zawh ciangin Access Point or Wireless Router i Setting bawl ding kisam hi. Gen nopna in tu in External Antenna tawh zom khin i hih manin Default antenna pen zangh nawnlo in External Antenna bek tawh nasem in ci aa i theihsak ding kisam ahih man hi.

Tua ading in Brower khat hong inla Wireless Router or Access Point i IP pen i gelh khit teh Login in. Zawhteh bawlpha in (Wireless group sung pan Antenna zongin la na muh teh External ci in khekin Save mek in.)

External Antenna tawh zop khit ciangin na Wi-Fi in bang tan ciangh tung zo, puakzo ding cih theinuam ding hi teh. Wi-Fi in agam la pi pekpan aki manzo ding cih pen aki puak, hawmkhiatna lam pan aman ding te lam zong anih in thupi tuak hi. Laptop a om Wi-Fi Adapter tawh man ding na hih leh ahawm khia lam pan in van hoih atam man tawh hong hawm khiat hangin agamla pi pek pan ki man zo tuan lo ding hi.

A hangin hong hawmkhiatna lampan hilo aa Laptop sung a om Wi-Fi Adapter hang ahi hi. Tua ahih manin aman ding te lampan in Gain atam/sang CPE or USB Wireless Adapter cih te khat peuhpeuh tawh na mat ciangin agam lapi pek pan ki man zo ding hi. TP-Link Product te adeih te ading amau Official Website sung ah Distance Calculator cih Web Application khat hong pia hi. Tua te en in ei lam pan bang Antenna te tawh hawmkhia ding aa, khat lam pan bang Antenna te tawh man kik ding cih te agamlat na koi ciang huam zo cih te hong calculate sak ding hi. http://www.tp-link.com/support/wireless_calculator/index.asp
Lim sung ah Wireless Calculator hong lak hi.

Ahawm khia lam pan leh a man ding lam pan in akizang ding device namte (Router or Access Point) a zat Cable, Antenna te teelna lel bek tawh bang tan huam zo cih te hong lak ding hi. Gentehna in aman te lam pan leh apuak te lam pan in TL-WR543G Wireless Router tawh Tl-ANT242D Antenna te zangh uh hi. Calculate hong bawl ciangin anuai abangin result ki mu thei hi.

Result te i et ciangin Wireless in 11g tawh hawm khia leh atam pen 0.3 mile ciang kingah ding aa 11b tawh hawm khia leh 0.5 mile ciang ki ngah ding cih a ma Theory hi. A hih hangin b tawh i hawmkhiat pen gamla pi tung zaw ahih tei sam hang Speed leu2 1 Mbps bek ki ngah ahih lam theih huai hi. Atung a Result in Transmit leh Receive lam WR543G bek zangh ahih man in hih ciang gamlatna ki ngah ahi hi.

Part C sung ah hih te sang gamla zaw puak nuam leng bang vante zang ding cih hong gen zom to lai ding hi. ref:itmen

Wi-Fi Hawmkhiatna Part C

Nung in ah Router leh Antenna tawh thuahin Wi-Fi hawm khiat ding gelh khin ta hi hang. A tatak in ci leng kawlgam sung a aki zang te bel hih bang dan hi lo hi. CPE bung zangh in Wi-Fi hawmkhia hi. Hih sungah CPE bung zang a Wi-Fi hawm khiat na thu hong gelh ning.

CPE i cih in Customer Provision Equipment atom lak ahi hi. Hih bang van hong om kum lang bang bek hi pan hi. Hih van in Wireless Signal te man thei, hawmkhia thei Outdoor a zat ding ahi hi. Antenna te tawh akibatloh na in dbi tam ahih manin gamla pi hawmkhia zo hi. A thupi pen ah Point to Point a zat tam zaw hi. A hawm khia lam pan CPE bung khat khuam dawn ah koih, a man lam pan CPE bung pen khuam dawn mah ah koih leng a tawm pen 4 miles gamla tan bang ki ngah hi. CPE i cih pen anuai a lim abang ahi hi.

Antenna khuam tawh akibat lohna in Antenna khuam in kim leh paam mun khempeuh Wi-Fi Signal hawmkhia thei, man thei ahi hi. CPE ahih leh hong paina, mun khat bek mah man thei, hawm khia thei cih bang ahi hi. Tua ahih manin CPE pen Directional kici zaw hi. Internet Cafe khat pan kiim leh paam mun 4 bang Wi-Fi hawmkhia nuam, gamla pi tungsak nuam cih bang i hih leh CPE bung zat ding lem zaw hi.

CPE bel thuah dan zong ol mahmah hi. Khat na ah Router tawh CPE pen CAT 6 wire khau tawh zop ding ahi hi. CPE i lei ciangin POE(Power Over Ethernet) Adapter hong kithuah ding hi. Router a wire khau tawh POE Adapter i LAN vang ah zom in thuah ding ahi hi. POE Adaptor ah zong adangh POE vang leh CPE bel CAT 6 wire khau zang in zop ding ahi hi. Anuai a lim bang ahi hi.

Lim a i muh mah bangin i zop zia, bulh zia te na man takteh Setting i bawl ding kisam lai hi. A thupi pen Mainpoit bel in ahawm khia lam pan in CPE in AP Mode tawh hawm khia ding hi hang. A man lam ding lam te in CPE bel AP Client Router Mode tawh man ding cih bangin Setting bawl ding i hi hi.

Setting bawlphat ciangin khatna ah Computer i IP in 192.168.1.x mun ah na deih number guang in. Subnet bel angei mah bangin 255.255.255.0 ahi hi. Na man ciangin CPE bel Computer tawh zom in la Browser khat peuh2 tawh hong in. CPE i Default IP ahi 192.168.1.254 guang in. username leh password hong nget leh admin admin ci in guang in.

CPE Configuration sung alut ciangin veilam a Wireless mode tel in. Zawh teh ziatla (taklam) a AP mode tel in. Tua hi leh ki zangh thei ta ding hi. A man lam te in hih bangin AP Client Router mode tel ding ahi hi. Part D zop lai ding....

Mauzuang Tangthu

Nidanglai in Zou kho khat ah innkuon khat ana um ua, tanu khat anei ua, amin Mauzuang asa uhi. A pasal in a zi a damtheilou ziehin lungkie in numei dang khat ang helsanta hi. A numei dang pen in zong tanu khat anei a, amin Subingtal ahi hi. A numei dang heel pen tawh sawtlou in ang kiteengta uhi. Mauzuang khu Subingtal sangin a taahzaw a, khuo atheizaw thamtham hi. Subingtal a nau bangbang a bawl in a iitbawl mama hi. Hilezong, innsung khatah a umkhawm ahizieh un a nute uh a kituoh thei sih ua, huntengin Subingtal nu'n Mauzuang a mawmat sawm gige hi. Subingtal tawh a umkhawm chiengun zong Subingtal nu'n a tanu thepsi in a kapsah zel a, Mauzuang a gawh a, ahouse zel a, khatvei tengin ki hasiet bawlin ann zong nelou tui zong dawnlou pou in aum thei zel hi.

Zipi leh Mei Kituohlou: Tuabanga ang gamtat chiengin Mauzuang nu'n zong zada in Subingtal nu tawh ang kituoh thei tasih ua, nitengin ang kibuoi gigeta uhi. Subingtal nu'n zong Mauzuang nu a pasal kungah hehse gige in, Mauzuang nu a hepkhiet sihleh kikhen mai diingin ang genta hi. A pasal in zong Subingtal nu iitbawl in Mauzuang nu paikhiet theina diing lampi ang suita hi.

Nikhat Mauzuang pute (A nu pate)kawm diingin ang kuon ua, Mauzuang pute khuo a tomkhat ang taam zou un a kholang uah ang kileta uhi. Mauzuang te khuo leh a pute khuo khu tuipi khat in ahal ahi hi. Innlang ang zuon ta ua, leitung ang tun tahun Subingtal nu'n Mauzuang nu khu lei tung apat tui sungah a sawnpuata hi. Mauzuang nu zong panpina ngen in a kikou a, Subingtal nu'n koima a panpi sah sih hi. Tuachi'n Mauzuang nu zong tui a kie in, Ngami asuohta hi.

Tunnu Umlou in Mauzuang Genthei: Tuazou apat in Subingtal nu'n Mauzuang khu innsungah ha gawt pi'n ang gawtta hi. Ann akham in ape sih a, tui zong a gilva in adawn sah sih hi. Bawlsietna chinteng in a bawlsie a, Mauzuang shi theitheina diingin bangma kichingtah in ape nawnsih a, a tanu Subingtal khu hoitah in a duot mama hi. Tambanga Mauzuang ang gawtbawl chiengin Mauzuang tha leh zungte hing kiemkiem in, a gawngtaam gawpta hi. A kibawlsiet nate a ngaisut chiengin katam lou in, "Ka nu tawh umkhawm hileng tambang in genthei lou ma diing hiveng maw" chi'n a innkuonpite theilou kaal in akap zel hi. Mauzuang in a iit mama anu tellou in simleitung ang zangta hi. Niteng in atha zawngkhal suhsuh in, lungleeng leh gilkiel sengin atha azung ang keta mama a, Subingtal ahileh thuong thetthut in ameel zong a hoisih hi.

Tunnu Tawh Kipawlna: Mauzuang zong sun chiengin agil akiel thei mama a, a lung aleen seng ziehin a nu kisawn khietna luipi langah ava hawta hi. A nu kisawnkhietna tuili gei ah lungjuong leh hasetah in anu ang han a, a kapkap maita hi. Tomkhat zou in tui sung apat in Mauzuang nu ang pusuohta a, Mauzuang hituite siahul pieh in a nawi anesah hi. A nu'n a anglum ah Mauzuang noptah leh khophawhlou in iimusah in, Mauzuang zong tomkhat sung a gentheina leh a kibawlsietna te manghil in anu anglum ah nuomtah in ang imusuh paita hi. Simleitung ah gentheina leh hamsatna tampi um nanleh nu leh pate anglum itun chienga hamuondan a lamdang hi. Mauzuang ang khahlaw chiengin anu'n zong hunsawtpi kigop leh Mauzuang inn atun chienga kibawlsiet diingdan thei in Mauzuang kungah, "Tu'n innlang ah peita'n len, hing haw zelzel zaw in. Inn tungha lechin Subingtal nu'n hing dawm sih va" chi'n Mauzuang a nuasawl kiata hi.

Inn ang tunin Subingtal nu'n Mauzuang bawlsiet thei bang pen in ana bawlse zel a, ann leh tui zong a khamkhop pelou in gawt theina zousie'n agot gige hi. Hilezong Mauzuang in anu tawh kimukhawmna hun ang neithei uapat achi alu hing damin ameel ang hoi deudeu a, achi asa hing nousuoh in a khosung ua naupang meelhoitah ang suohta hi.

Subingtal nu zong lungkham in Mauzuang bang zieha tua banga meelhoi thei leh chi leh sa hoi ahiei chi ang suikhiet sawmta hi. Nikhat vaipawt khem kinei in Mauzuang umdan ang dap-etta hi. Vaihamsang pawl in Mauzuang zong a nu kunga haw diingin ang peita a, Subingtal nu'n zong a dapzuita hi. Mauzuang leh a nu luipieu a noptah leh khophawhlou a kipawl khawm ua, ki apmai in lungdung luivai ah a kidel lele ua, Mauzuang agim chiengin anu angsung senan a kinei a, anu'n hawmthaw tah leh iittah in anawi a nesah zel hi. Tuazou chienga tomkhat khat iimu sah in Mauzuang ang khahlaw chiengin anu'n zong a bawlngaina bangin Mauzuang inn langa pei diingin a sawlta hi. Tuabanga kikhela pumpum a kikhen in Mauzuang inn langah ang kileta hi.Tua a umdan zousie uh Subingtal nu'n a dap-et a, ama tangin a ha gawt in ana thangpai mama hi. Tuami ni apat Subingtal nu'n Mauzuang nu thatheina diing lampi ang sui suita hi.

Mauzuang Nu Shina: Subingtal nu'n zong a pasal kungah Mauzuang leh a nu umdante aselam in agen genta a, Mauzuang nu atha sih leh ama zong innlanga nuakia mai diingin Mauzuang pa ang gita hi. Amaugel kihou dapin Mauzuang a nu kunga a haw diing ang dapzui tagel hi. Mauzuang leh anu luipieu a nuomtah a kimawl in, luidung luivai ah ang ki apmai ua, Mauzuang agil ang kiel chiengin anu'n a nawi pie in a anglum ah nuomtah in ang iimu sahta hi. Tualaitah in Subingtal leh a pasal kipan in Mauzuang nu aman pai ua, hakhe nuom nawnlou in innlangah ang peipita uhi. Subingtal nu'n zong taubeelpi khat ah tui hing suong in Mauzuang nu beelpi sungah ang koita hi. Koima panpi diing neilou in Mauzuang leh anu kikhela pumpum in a bawlthei pen uh a kika ka maita uhi. Mauzuang nu'n, "Bawi, ka shi chiengin kasa hing ne mawng mawng sinlen, ka gu ka taangte hoitah in kholkhawm inlen i huonsung ah hing vui in" achi hi.

Tui hing sa deudeu in Mauzuang nu hinna zong tuisa in aban banin ang tumtou hiei hiei ta hi. Mauzuang in, "Nu aw, tui in na heitan ang tum tai?" chi'n adong zel a, a nu'n zong, "Ka kephang chieng chieng hing tumta e" chi'n adawng hi. Mauzuang in anu pawtsan ngamlou lah hunkhe ngamlou in, "Nu aw, tui in na heitan ang tum tai?" chi'n adong zel hi. "Ka khup chieng chieng hing tumta e" chi'n Mauzuang nu'n adawng zel hi. Tomkhat zou in Mauzuang in, "Nu aw, tui in na heitan ang tum tai?" chi'n adong zel a, a nu'n, "Ka kawng chieng chieng hing tumta e" chi'n a dawng hi. Tomkhat zou in Mauzuang in, "Nu aw, tui in na heitan ang tum tai?" chi'n adong zel a, a nu'n, "Ka gil chieng chieng hing tumta e" chi'n a dawng hi. Tomkhat zou in Mauzuang in, "Nu aw, tui in na heitan ang tum tai?" chi'n adong zel a, a nu'n, "Ka awm chieng chieng hing tumta e" chi'n a dawng hi. Tomkhat zou in Mauzuang in, "Nu aw, tui in na heitan ang tum tai?" chi'n adong zel a, a nu'n, "Ka ngawng chieng chieng hing tumta e" chi'n a dawng hi. Tuazou in Mauzuang nu tui in tum in ashita hi. Mauzuang kapkap in a beidong mamata hi.

Mauzuang in zong anu chi bang bangin a nu sa ane sih a, a gu leh taangte law khat a kholkhawm in a huonsung auh a vuita hi. Hun sawtlou in a nu gu leh taangte khu theipi kung khatin ang pouta hi. Ang gata a, Mauzuang in a gilkiel chiengin theipi ava ne zel a, ahum in ahum a, agilva thei mama hi. Suningtal in zong tua theipi ga ava nezel a, hilezong ama nu kam ah theipi ga khu khalong in neeh theilou taah theilou in aum zel hi. Tuabanga Mauzuang gilkiel chienga a nu nawitui bang banga hum leh tui theipi ga aneeh apat ameelte ahing hoi kia paita hi. Tuachi'n Mauzuang khu a khosung ua nungah melhoipen leh duongching pen ang hita hi. Nikhat Kawl mangpa Mauzuangte khuo a ahing suohkhah leh Mauzuang khu meelhoi sa sengsengin ang kiteenpita a, Kawl mangpa leng innpi sungah nuomtah in ang khosata hi.

Mauzuang Tuisa Kibuoh: Hunte hing peizel in Subingtal nu'n Mauzuang nua kawm diingin achiel hi. Mauzuang zong nua kawm diingin ang hawta hi. Subingtal nu'n zong Mauzuang muda sengsengin tha theina diing lampi asui zing hi. Mauzuang nuakawm a ahaw laitah in ni khat Subingtal nu'n Subingtal tawh ki gulluh in Mauzuang tha theina diing lampi ang suita uhi. Subingtal nu'n Subingtal kungah, "Ka samsi tuonghawm ah hing khesuh vangin a tawm diingin kang sawl diinga, nang na top nuomlou diingin, Mauzuang topsah diing. Tuachienga tuisa buohkhum diing" chi'n Subingtal a thuhilta hi. Lungthu tungah tuisa ahing awmta ua, tui ang sou laitah in Subingtal nu'n zong a samsi khu tuongvang ah ang khesuhta hi. "Eh, ka samsi innnuoi ah khietsuo ing ee, Subingtal vatawmta vawi" achileh Subingtal utlou kinei in Subingtal nu'n zong, "Subingtal, bangzieha hichi sawlha nahiei? Na U Mauzuang bangin thu na mang sih diei, Mauzuang nangma thumang zaw, ka samsi hing vatop sah aw" chi'n Mauzuang samsi tawm diingin asawlta hi. Mauzuang zong thumang chitah innnuoi a samsi kie tawm diingin a peisuh paita hi. Thakhat lou in Subingtal nu hing dingtou pai in lungthu tunga tuisa kileh vapial nou haipum dimtah sawh in Mauzuang a buohkhumta hi. Mauzuang zong innnuoi ah kipeeh in shi diing ngah in aum hi. Subingtal leh anu'n kitheimaw bawl in a donta sih uhi.

Sa-ngate Nupa in Mauzuang Tawm: Tuazou sawtlou in Sa-ngate nupa in Mauzuangte innhang ah lam ahing zawt ua, Mauzuangte innnuoi a mikhat shi diing ngah a kipeeh amu chiengun ava enpha ua, a nau uh keem diingin Mauzuang khu ang lata ua, a kholang uah ang zawpita uhi. Hoitah a azen nua un Mauzuang zong ang damta a, meelhoi leh duongching tah ahing hikiata hi. Sa-ngate nau keem in aumta hi. Sum chiengin lungleeng in laa asa zel hi. A nu tawh a kipawllai hunte ngaisut zelin nop asahdante laa a phuo in, "Nidang in la Kawl mangpa zi'n ka um ee. Tunla tunla ngahsa nu nau kaching ee" chi'n la asazel hi.

Mauzuang Kitatkhietna: Nikhat a kho tangvalte uh gamvahte'n Mauzuang lasah ang zata ua, hoitah a ang ngai uleh Mauzuang in, "Nidang in la Kawl mangpa zi'n ka um ee. Tunla tunla ngahsa nu nau kaching ee" chi'n ang sata hi. Tangvalte'n zong a kho hausapa uh kungah hing gen in Mauzuang tatkhiet diingdan vai ang hawmta uhi.
Tuachi'n kho hausate leh sa-ngate nupa hing kihou in Mauzuang tatkhiet diingin ang ngenta uhi. "Mauzuang hing pekhie unlen sum tampi hing peva ung" achi ua, hilezong sa-nga nupate'n, "Sum chiling hing savan, zau in taitai tava ung" chi'n a utsih uhi. "Ahileh, siel hing peva ung" achi chiengun sa-ngate nupa'n, "Dachieng siel in mawww hing chivan, zau in taitai tava ung" chi'n a utsih uhi. "Ahileh, zam hing peva ung" achi chiengun sa-ngate nupa'n, "Dachieng zam dungdung chi'n hing ging van, zau in taitai tava ung" chi'n a utsih uhi. "Ahileh, dahtal hing peva ung" achi chiengun sa-ngate nupa'n, "Dachieng dahtal mongmong chi'n hing ging van, zau in taitai tava ung" chi'n a utsih uhi. A tawpawp in, "Ahileh, noute'n hing gen un, bang hing pie uleng na ut uoi?" chia adoj uleh, "Khiba khat tawh, zu eeh pota khat tawh, natang khil khat tawh, napkhem pota khat tawh hing pie ulechin Mauzuang na kilaah kiata diing uhi" achita uhi. A kho hausate zong hing kile in khosung pumpi ah zu eeh leh napkhem pota khat tuoh ang khonkhawm ua, natang khilkhat tawh hing puo in sa-ngate nupa ang pieh uleh sa-ngate'n zong Mauzuang ang pepai uhi. Tuazou in Mauzuang khu kho hausapa tapta tawh kiteengin nuomtah in a khosata ua, Subingtal te nuta suhkhah theilou in nuomtah in a khosata hi.